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J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment
Vol. 19, No. 2: 278˗282 (2013)
SHORT COMMUNICATION
Preliminary report of a stranding case of Mediterranean
Monk Seal Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779) on
Antalya coast, Turkey, April 2013
Erdem Danyer1,2*, Elif Özgür Özbek2,3, Işıl Aytemiz1,2, Arda M.
Tonay2,4
1
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul,
TURKEY
2
Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV), P. O. Box: 10, Beykoz, Istanbul,
TURKEY
3
Antalya Metropolitan Municipality, 07120, Antalya, TURKEY
4
Faculty of Fisheries, Istanbul University, Ordu St., No. 200, 34470, Laleli, Istanbul,
TURKEY
*Corresponding author: erdemdanyer@gmail.com
Abstract
The Mediterranean monk seal, Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779), which lives on the
Mediterranean and Aegean Sea coast of Turkey, is one of the critically endangered
species in the world. On 30 April 2013, an adult male monk seal was found dead on the
coast of Antalya. Evidence of deliberate killing was found as a result of gross necropsy
carried out after two days. This paper summarizes the preliminary findings of the gross
necropsy.
Key words: Mediterranean Monk Seal, Monachus monachus, deliberate killing.
Introduction
The Mediterranean monk seal, Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779), is
Europe’s most endangered marine mammal and it is protected by the Barcelona
Convention (Fourth protocol species), Bern Convention (Appendix II),
Biodiversity Convention (Eligible species), Bonn Convention (Appendix I and
II) as well as CITES (Appendix I). M. monachus is also listed in Red List of
IUCN as critically endangered status (IUCN 2008). There are about 100
individuals in the Turkish Coasts (Güçlüsoy et al. 2004). The number of
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identified seals in the northeastern Mediterranean Sea is given as 42 by Gücü et
al. (2009). Fishery interaction is a very common cause for adult monk seals
mortality (Öztürk 1992; 2007; Androukaki et al. 1999; Güçlüsoy 2008).
Fishermen and fish farmers use lights, feeding with pesticide˗injected fish, noise
generation, warning and direct shots with rifles and physical exclusion of seals
to keep seals away from cages and nets (Güçlüsoy and Savaş 2003). Güçlüsoy et
al. (2004) reported that 5 records out of 22 dead seals had been deliberately
killed. Öztürk (2007) also reported that 12 out of 24 mortalities observed during
1986˗1996 were due to deliberate killing.
An adult male Mediterranean monk seal stranded on the coast of Aytap Region,
Uğrak Village, Antalya (36°19'7.84"N, 32°14'6.29"E) on 30 April 2013. This
seal was found floating at the sea and local people brought it to the shore.
Turkish Marine Research Foundation learned about this stranding through
media, then contacted the local authority in Antalya to keep the animal for
necropsy. After the gross necropsy was performed, the carcass was buried in
soil for the preparation of the skeleton. Since Mediterranean monk seals are
sedentary animals (Öztürk 1992), this animals was also recognized and even
nicknamed “Duman (which means Smoke in Turkish)” by local people.
Results of the Necropsy
The necropsy of the seal was performed on May 2, 2013. The specimen was a
normally developed adult male with a length of 238 cm from nose to hind
flipper end, 202 cm from nose to tail end and the body weight of approximately
200˗300 kilograms. On the external examination revealed there were nine
circular lesions, approximately 1 cm in diameter, of head injury and focal
subcutaneous emphysema (Figure 1). The lesions were first thought as gunshot
injuries by the local people who found the animal but there was no evidence of
pellets internally. Pellets are small in diameter (about 7.5 mm for wild boar) can
be buried in muscle or blubber easily. X˗ray and intracranial examination could
not be performed. Extremities showed normal formation. It had begun to
decompose, showing skin slippage. There was no lesion in the oral cavity and
the colour of mucosa was pale.
Blubber was measured 2.8 cm thick on the thoracic ventromedian line and was
normally distributed. There were bleeding and petechial haemorrhages over the
abdomen due to blunt force trauma. There were four lesions approximately
0,5˗1 cm in diameter (Figures 2 and 3). These lesions may have been made by
gunshots. The musculature area of the chest and abdomen was hyperemic and
congested. Massive intra˗abdominal hemorrhage was observed. Intra peritoneal
organs were hyperemic. Stomach, which was full with contents, collected and
stored in the deepfreezer for further examination.
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Figure 1. Circular lesions on the head
Figure 2. Circular lesions on the right side of abdomen
280
Figure 3. Circular lesions on the left side of abdomen
Examination of the internal organs revealed that the death occurred during
digestion. Kidneys were autolysed. Bladder was full and colon was containing
gaita. There were no macro˗parasites in intestinal tract.
There were internal bleeding in thorax and also pericardia had blood inside.
Lungs were pneumonic, emphysematous and congested. Heart was congested
and hyperemic and containing chicken fat clot. Trachea was clear. Esophagus
was containing digestive fluid and fish pieces.
On the basis of necropsy findings, the cause of death was determined as
hypovolemic shock due to internal bleeding into the thorax and the abdominal
cavity caused by first step gunshot trauma and followed by blunt force.
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Prof. Bayram Öztürk, Dr. Ayaka A. Öztürk for their
encouragement and support, Mustafa Akkoca, and İstiklal Gün for their information and
help in the field; Antalya Metropolitan Municipality for logistics, Turkish Marine
Research Foundation for financial support.
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Türkiye Antalya sahilinde, Nisan 2013’te karaya vuran
Akdeniz foku Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779) hakkında
ilk bulgular
Özet
Akdeniz ve Ege Sahillerimizde yaşayan Akdeniz Foku Monachus monachus
(Hermann,1779) dünyanın nesli kritik olarak tehlikede olan hayvanlarından birisidir. 30
Nisan 2013 tarihinde Antalya kıyılarında erişkin, erkek bir Akdeniz Foku bulundu. İki
gün sonra nekropsisi yapıldı. Nekropside dış etkilerle ölüme dair bulgulara ulaşıldı. Bu
yayında vakayla ilgili ilk bilgiler paylaşılmaktadır.
References
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Received: 08.05.2013
Accepted: 20.05.2013
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