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AP Practice
1. The first Europeans arriving in North
America found:
A few dominant native societies and a
common Native American language
b. No areas densely settled by Indians
c. A homogeneous native society
d. Hundreds of native societies speaking
nearly as many languages
a.
Practice
2. Civilizations in the Americas before the arrival of
Columbus
a. were only small bands of hunters and
gatherers
b. were substantial cultures with superior
technology compared to Europe
c. included elaborate and sophisticated cultures
that rivaled those of Europe
d. were nomadic tribes that used horses for
hunting
e. had no written language, public buildings, or
agriculture
Period 1: 1491 - 1607
Concept 1.2
Contact and Exchange
The New Curriculum and The
Columbian Exchange
Key Concept 1.2 “European overseas
expansion resulted in the Columbian
Exchange, a series of interactions and
adaptations among societies across
the Atlantic.”
Big Ideas:
What were reasons that led to European
exploration?
What were positives and negatives of the
Columbian Exchange on both
hemispheres?
Discovery of the New World:
Why Now??
1. The Renaissance Spirit
2. Competition among European monarchs
3. Riches in Spices, Silk and Porcelain
Taste for these came from the Crusades and the
Silk Route, yet too expensive
4. Direct route to Asia & India
5. New Navigation Technology
Better Maps
The compass
The astrolabe measured latitude
Sextant – could be used to find
exact position on earth Caravel
Triangle-shaped sails allowed you
to sail against wind
Multiple masts increased speed
Ultimate
Reason to
Explore
The Three
G’s
GOLD
GOD
GLORY
Columbus Video
Portugal: 1st Navigators; explore
Africa
Set up trading posts for purchase of Gold
and Slaves
Sent slaves to Atlantic island sugar
plantations
Pushed SOUTH and EAST
Spain Unites
Ferdinand of Aragon and
Isabella of Castile
1492, finance Columbus’
expedition
THE JOURNEY
DO NOT WRITE DOWN!
Three Ships: Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria
Columbus underestimated the size of the planet
Frequently threats of mutiny!
Lands Oct. 12, 1492 (in Bermuda)
Believes they have arrived in the Indies
Names Indigenous people “Indians” (geographic error)
After more trips, Europe realizes value of Goods in the
‘New World’
Fierce competition begins in settlement of New World
Impact of Contact
-Colombus’
impression??: see
letter
-colonization by force
-effects of disease:
isolated Natives had no
immune system
- smallpox, yellow
fever, malaria
-importation of
Africans; to work on
sugar plantations in
Caribbean
DISEASES FROM EUROPE
DO NOT WRITE DOWN!
Some of the diseases
introduced to the Native
populations as a result of
contact with Europeans
included:
Typhus
Influenza
Diptheria
Measles
Mumps
Bubonic plague
Smallpox
The Columbian Exchange:
Graph pg. 13
What was it?
The exchange of plants, animals, culture, humans,
diseases, etc. between the Americas, Europe, and
Africa
Examples of goods:
Americas to Europe and Africa: potatoes, maize (corn),
tomatoes
Europe to the Americas: wheat, rice, horses, chickens, oxen
When Ecosystems
Collide…
Impact of exchange?
In Europe and Asia: massive population growth due to
new food
In Africa: Spanish used Africans from West Africa to be
slaves in the Americas
“Sugar revolution” in Caribbean fueled expansion of
slavery
In the Americas: spread of diseases (smallpox), social
classes (Mestizos), horse transformed Native life (made
hunting easier), Encomienda system
Encomienda: Spanish crown to “commend”
or give Indians as workers and land to
colonists in exchange to promise to
Christianize them
DEPOPULATION
OF THE AMERICAS
DO NOT WRITE DOWN!
After the arrival of
Columbus and the
Europeans the
population of the
Aboriginals in the
Americas decreased
because of war,
slavery, and disease.
Slavery
War
Disease
95%
 Dobyns (1966) estimated that 95% of Natives
died in the first 130 years post-Columbus.
Who’s Land was it?
• In 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
Division of “New World”
• Spain to control west territories; Portugal to
control east territories (Brazil)
Practice:
3. The Treaty of Tordesilas contained a
provision to
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Give Spain all rights to settle the Americas
End Aztec domination in Mexico
End the rebellion of the Pueblos in New
Mexico
Divide the Americas between Spain and
Portugal to colonize
Allow England to colonize N. America and
Spain to colonize Central and S. America
4. Which of the following was the
MOST important reason for the
population decline in native
populations in the wake of Spanish
conquest?
A. starvation
B. declining birth rates
C. disease
D. warfare
5. Most slaves were brought by the
Spanish to the New World to harvest
which cash crop?
A. tobacco
B. banana
C. cotton
D. sugar
E. coffee
6. All of the following were results of
the “Columbian Exchange” EXCEPT:
1. People in Europe ate corn, tomatoes,
and potatoes for the first time
2. Diseases previously unknown in the
Americas devastated populations
3. The blending of cultures from Europe,
Africa, and the Americas
4. Through trade, Native Americans
acquired gold and silver from Europe
Period 1: 1491 - 1607
Concept 1.3
European Colonization
European Colonization
Key Concept 1.3 “Contact among
American Indians, Africans, and
Europeans challenged the worldviews of
each group.”
Big idea:
How did Europeans view the Natives and
justify their treatment of them?
How did Africans adapt to life in the
Western Hemisphere while still preserving
their own cultures?
Graphic Organizer
SPANISH
Region(s)
Colonized
Central and
South AM.
SW USA
Religion
Catholic
Economic
Pursuit
Gold and
Silver Mining
Agriculture
with forced
labor
FRENCH
Canada
Mississippi R.
DUTCH
ENGLISH
New York East Coast
Catholic
Jesuit
Fur Trading
N/A
Protestant
Trade/
Commerce
Religious
Freedom/
Tobacco
Farming
European Settlements
-Spanish– SW, Florida,
Texas; spread of
Catholic missions
St. Augustine, Florida
1565
Santa Fe- 1610
-French–Quebec settled
1608 by Champlain
-Dutch—1609 New
Amsterdam (NY) by
Hudson
-English—1607
Jamestown, VA
1620, Plymouth, MA
European Views of Natives and
Africans
Many Europeans did not understand
Natives and their cultures
Natives were viewed as “Savages” by
many Europeans
To be exploited for economic gain
To be converted to
Christianity
Used as Military allies
Spanish Views of Natives and Africans
Forced Labor (Encomienda)
Explorers intermarried
(mestizos)
Rigid social class based on
race
Brutal Inhumane treatment
(Black Legend)
Spanish Views of Natives and Africans
Juan de Sepulveda VERSUS
Bartolome de Las Casas
The Great Debate at Valladolid
Spain 1550
French and English Views of Natives
and Africans
French
Potential allies
Good trade relationship
Intermarried
English
Intermarriage less common
Peaceful coexistence turned to open
warfare
Expelled them from land rather than
subjugating them
Backlash to Colonization
Key Concept 1.3, II “Native peoples and Africans
in the Americas strove to maintain their political
and cultural autonomy in the face of European
challenges to their independence and core beliefs”
Pope’s Rebellion in 1680
Maroon Communities
Pueblo Revolt (Pope’s
Rebellion)
1680
Santa Fe
Pueblo Indians revolted
against Spanish
colonization and
Christianity
Drove out Spaniards
12 years later Spanish
recolonized the area
Many Africans preserved
their culture and autonomy
in the New World
Maroon Communities:
Consisted of runaway slaves,
many were located in the
Caribbean
Many Africans would combine
elements of Christianity with
their native African religions
and customs
Legacy of European
Colonization
Disease, death and suppression of
Indigenous culture
Crops, animals, language, laws,
customs, religion exchanged
Launched major competition to see
WHO would control the NEW
WORLD
Short Answer Question (SAQ)
Answer a, b, and c:
a)
Briefly explain ONE common trait in the
policies of two of these European nations
toward Native Americans:
•
•
•
b)
c)
England
France
Spain
Briefly explain ONE difference between the
policies of two European nations toward
Native Americans.
Briefly explain ONE reaction of Native
Americans to European policies.
Test Tips
Multiple-Choice Questions and Short
Answer:
Be familiar with the impacts of the Columbian
Exchange – not just food
Increase in world trade, permanently connecting two
hemispheres
Identify specific goods and their impacts –
horse and potato
Impact on Africans – drastic growth in slavery
Essay Questions:
Not likely since it is from period 1