tc kırıkkale üniversitesi dış ilişkiler ve ab koordinasyon birimi

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences
Turk J Med Sci
(2014) 44: 381-386
© TÜBİTAK
doi:10.3906/sag-1303-101
http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/
Research Article
Protective effects of montelukast and Hypericum perforatum against
intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in hamsters
1,
1
2
3
Tarık OCAK *, Arif DURAN , Gülzade ÖZYALVAÇLI , Zeynep OCAK ,
4
5
6
Elçin Hakan TERZİ , Mehmet TOSUN , Kemalettin ERDEM
1
Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
2
Department of Medical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
3
Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
4
Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
5
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
6
Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
Received: 22.03.2013
Accepted: 21.06.2013
Published Online: 31.03.2014
Printed: 30.04.2014
Aim: To evaluate the effects of montelukast and Hypericum perforatum against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced intestinal damage.
Materials and methods: Twenty-eight hamsters were divided into 4 groups following midline abdominal laparotomy: control group
(n = 7), I/R group (n = 7), montelukast and I/R (MIR) group (n = 7), and Hypericum perforatum and I/R (HPIR) group (n = 7). After
60 min of ischemia through obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery, 24 h of reperfusion was maintained. Ten minutes prior
to the reperfusion period, the MIR group received 7 mg/kg of intraperitoneal montelukast and the HPIR group received 7 mg/kg
of intraperitoneal Hypericum perforatum. Malondialdehyde, glutathione, myeloperoxidase, and cardiotrophin-1 levels were measured
from blood samples. A semiquantitative histological evaluation was performed.
Results: Montelukast and Hypericum perforatum significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels and increased glutathione levels
compared to the I/R group (P < 0.008). A statistically significant difference was also found between the I/R group and MIR and HPIR
groups in terms of myeloperoxidase levels (P < 0.008). The MIR and HPIR groups showed increased cardiotrophin-1 levels compared
to the control and I/R groups (P < 0.008 for all). The MIR and HPIR groups showed significantly lower histological scores compared to
the I/R group (P = 0.03 and P = 0.007, respectively).
Conclusion: This study demonstrated the preventive effects of montelukast and Hypericum perforatum on I/R-induced intestinal injury.
Key words: Montelukast, Hypericum perforatum, intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury
1. Introduction
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injuries may occur in the early
stages of shock, sepsis, and trauma. Recent developments
in cell biology have started to solve the underlying
mechanisms or processes involved in I/R injuries (1).
The consequences of such an injury are both local and
remote tissue destruction, and sometimes death. Initially,
I/R injuries appear to be mediated by free oxygen radicals
and, at a later stage, by the infiltration and activation of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs). The initial
ischemic damage is further worsened by a subsequent
reperfusion injury. Small intestinal I/R injury may
cause deterioration of the mucosal layers, activation of
inflammatory processes, and microbial translocation (2).
The barrier function of the intestines may be impaired
*Correspondence: tarikocak78@gmail.com
significantly due to this injury, which results in increased
permeability or bacterial overgrowth (1). Intestinal I/R
might also stimulate injury to secondary organs including
the kidneys, lungs, liver, and heart (3).
I/R injury induces apoptosis attributable to increases in
PMNL infiltration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (4).
The ROS may cause lipid peroxidation, disrupt membrane
integrity, and eventually lead to cell death (5). Once
migrated into the ischemic zone, PMNLs release protease,
elastase, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and various cytokines,
which are involved in I/R-related tissue injury (6).
Montelukast (MK-0476), a reversible cysteinyl
leukotriene receptor-1 antagonist, has recently been used
in the treatment of asthma and is reported to diminish
eosinophilic infiltration into the respiratory tract (7).
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OCAK et al. / Turk J Med Sci
Additionally, cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists or
biosynthesis inhibitors have been reported to ameliorate
alcohol-induced gastric damage (8) and experimental
colitis (9). Recently, it has been documented that
montelukast improved multiorgan dam­
age induced by
burn or sepsis through a PMNL-dependent mechanism
(10).
Hypericum perforatum, also called St. John’s wort,
has been used in various ways for wound-healing in
the alternative medicine fields of several countries (11).
Extracts of H. perforatum have been used as a medicinal
herb for centuries. It has been proposed to have activity
against bacteria, viruses, inflammation, and pain. H.
perforatum extract, which contains flavonoids and phenolic
acids, demonstrated antioxidant and antiinflammatory
effects in animal models of acute inflammation (12,13).
Oral administration of Hypericum tincture was shown to
improve wound-healing in an experimental study on rats
(14) and, in a clinical study, Samadi et al. reported that H.
perforatum facilitated cesarean wound healing (15).
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the protective effects
of montelukast and H. perforatum against I/R-induced
intestinal tissue damage in hamsters.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Subjects
A total of 28 Golden Syrian hamsters were used. The
experimental procedures were conducted according to
the guidelines for the ethical treatment of experimental
animals and approved by the Abant İzzet Baysal University
Animal Care and Use Local Ethics Committee.
All animals were kept under 12-h light/dark cycles
at a constant room temperature (22 ± 2 °C). All subjects
were fed standard hamster chow (210 kcal 100 g–1 day–1)
and were provided tap water. The animals were fasted
for 12 h prior to commencement of the experiments
but had free access to water. Ketamine hydrochloride (50
mg/kg, Ketalar, Eczacıbaşı, İstanbul, Turkey) and xylazine
hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, Rompun, Bayer, Germany) were
administered intramuscularly to induce general anesthesia.
The animals were positioned on the operating table in a
supine position, immobilized at 4 points, and subjected to
abdominal trichotomy using antiseptic techniques with
povidone detergent. A midline abdominal laparotomy,
with exposure of the abdominal cavity, was performed. The
superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was then exposed.
2.2. Experimental groups
All animals (n = 28) were randomly divided into 4 groups
as follows:
1. Sham (control) group (n = 7): Hamsters were subjected
to a laparotomy and the superior mesenteric artery was
exposed. The operations were finished at this stage in this
group.
2. Ischemia-reperfusion group (I/R, n = 7): In each
hamster, the SMA was isolated using microvascular clips.
The ischemic phase was maintained with a complete
occlusion of the SMA using microvascular clips for 60 min,
thereby interrupting the mesenteric blood flow. We used
the procedure developed by Megison et al. (16) to obstruct
collateral blood supply from the right colic and jejunal
arteries. The atraumatic vascular clamp was carefully removed
and the reperfusion period followed for the duration of the
next 24 h.
3. Montelukast and ischemia-reperfusion group (MIR,
n = 7): The I/R injury was created by the same technique
described above. The animals in this group received 7 mg/kg
of intraperitoneal montelukast 10 min before the reperfusion
period.
4. H. perforatum and I/R group (HPIR, n = 7): The I/R
injury was created by the same technique discussed previously.
In this group, hamsters received 7 mg/kg of intraperitoneal
H. perforatum 10 min prior to the reperfusion period.
Table. Mean ± SEM values for malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) and
significance levels between the groups.
Control group
(n = 7)
I/R group
(n = 7)
MIR group
(n = 7)
HPIR group
(n = 7)
P
36.75 (36–37.4)d,e
MDA (pmol/mL)
19.45 (18–21)a,b,c
22.50 (21–27)
24.35 (21–29.6)
<0.001
GSH (µM)
25.95 (24.9–27.4)
17.25 (15.2–19.1)d,e
41.35 (38.9–45.1)
40.50 (38.1–47)
<0.001
MPO (ng/mL)
1.71 (1.4–2.1)
3.34(3.2–4)
2.38 (2.1–2.6)
1.54 (1.5–2)
<0.001
CT-1 (pg/mL)
150.8 (146–159.2)a,b,c
41.75 (25.9–67.4)d,e
220.90 (206.1–264.8)
237.40 (209.7–252.9)
<0.001
a,b,c
a,b
d,e
f
*: Kruskal–Wallis test, statistical significance was accepted as P< 0.05. a: Statistically significant difference between the control and IR
groups, b: statistically significant difference between the control and MIR groups, c: statistically significant difference between the control
and HPIR groups, d: statistically significant difference between IR group and MIR group, e: statistically significant difference between
IR group and HPIR group, f: statistically significant difference between MIR group and HPIR group (P < 0.008 accepted as statistically
significant for these comparisons).
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OCAK et al. / Turk J Med Sci
In all groups, blood and intestinal tissue samples
were obtained 60 min following the reperfusion period.
All hamsters were then euthanized with an intracardiac
puncture.
2.3. Biochemical analysis
Blood samples were collected in serum separator tubes
and allowed to clot for 2 h. Serum was separated by
centrifugation for 15 min at 1000 × g and stored at
–80 °C until analysis. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and
cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) levels and MPO activities were
measured with specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assays using Cusabio Biotech reagents (Hubei, P.R. China).
Glutathione (GSH) was measured using a colorimetric
assay (Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, USA).
2.4. Histopathologic Evaluation
Tissue samples were fixed in 10% formaldehyde for 48 h,
then embedded in paraffin and cut into 5-µm sections.
Slides were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and examined
under a light microscope. A pathologist evaluated the
slides in a blinded manner. A semiquantitative histological
evaluation scoring system was used to determine
histopathological changes (17).
2.5. Statistical analysis
SPSS 16.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)
was used for statistical analyses. Biochemical data were
analyzed by a Kruskal–Wallis test and expressed as mean
± standard error of the mean (SEM). Mann–Whitney
U tests with Bonferroni corrections were used for dual
comparisons between the groups. Chi-square tests were
used for possible histological score differences between the
groups. Statistical significance was accepted at P < 0.05 for
the Kruskal–Wallis tests and P < 0.008 for Mann–Whitney
U tests with Bonferroni corrections.
3. Results
Montelukast and H. perforatum treatments significantly
reduced the MDA levels and increased the GSH levels
compared to the I/R group (P < 0.008 for both). There
was a statistically significant difference between the I/R
group and MIR and HPIR groups in terms of MPO levels
(P < 0.008 for both). The MIR and HPIR groups showed
increased CT-1 levels compared to the control and I/R
groups (P < 0.008 for all). Mean MDA, GSH, MPO and
CT-1 levels of the groups and significance status are shown
in the Table.
Median histologic values were 0 (0–1) in the control
group, 2 (2–3) in the I/R group, 1 (0–2) in the MIR group,
and 0 (0–1) in the HPIR group. There was a statistically
significant difference between the groups in terms of
histologic values. The MIR and HPIR groups showed
significantly lower histologic scores compared to the I/R
group (P = 0.03 and P = 0.007, respectively). However,
histologic score differences of the control group and
the MIR and HPIR groups were not significant (P =
0.2 and P = 0.7, respectively). There was no significant
difference between the MIR and HPIR groups in terms
of histologic score (P = 0.2). The control group had better
histologic scores compared to the I/R group (P = 0.007).
The architecture of the ileal section in control hamsters
demonstrated normal histological structural features
(Figure 1a). However, significant mucosal injury with
a loss of villi, hemorrhage, and ulceration was observed
in hamsters subjected to I/R (Figure 1b). Ileal sections of
the MIR and HPIR groups showed minimal alterations
characterized with moderate lifting of the epithelial layer
from the lamina propria (Figures 1c and 1d).
4. Discussion
In the present study, we found that montelukast and H.
perforatum are both effective chemotherapeutics against
I/R-induced intestinal ischemia model in hamsters.
Montelukast and H. perforatum administration in addition
to I/R injury significantly decreased MDA and MPO levels
and increased GSH and CT-1 levels compared to the
untreated I/R group. Consistent with these biochemical
results, montelukast and H. perforatum also showed their
effectiveness at the histological level.
I/R injuries are important clinical situations that
can be observed following abdominal aortic aneurysm
surgery, bowel transplantation, cardiopulmonary bypass,
and strangulated hernias. Mesenteric ischemia can also be
encountered secondary to hypovolemic and septic shock
due to the collapse of systemic circulation. Excited bacterial
translocation by I/R injury is thought to contribute to the
development of septic multiple organ failure syndrome
through portal and/or systemic achievement of bacteria or
endotoxins within the gut (18,19). The occurrence of I/R
injury has been reported at the end of 30 min of intestinal
ischemia followed by 15 min of reperfusion in rats (20).
Sun et al. also concluded that a period of intestinal
ischemia as short as 45 min can result in serious irreversible
changes and blood flow cannot be restored after 120 min
of intestinal ischemia (21). In the present study, we used
an experimental model of 60 min of ischemia followed
by 24 h of reperfusion in hamsters, which resulted in
significant I/R injury on the basis of biochemical markers
and histological values.
ROS degrade unsaturated fatty acids, forming MDA,
which is a sensitive marker of reperfusion injury and lipid
peroxidation. Hazinedaroglu et al. found a significant
increase in tissue MDA levels in an intestinal I/R model
(22). The authors did not find evidence of any preventive
effects of N-acetylcysteine on I/R injury by means of
histopathologic findings. Other studies showed increased
MDA levels after 60 min of reperfusion in rats following 60
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OCAK et al. / Turk J Med Sci
Figure 1. Photomicrographs of hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. a) Normal appearance of mucosa in the control
group (bar = 100 µm). b) The mucosa is almost completely destroyed in the specimens from hamsters in the I/R
group. Massive subepithelial lifting and a denuded tip with lamina propria were observed (bar = 100 µm). c) Moderate
epithelial lifting confined to the tips of the villi was demonstrated in hamsters treated with montelukast (bar = 500 µm).
d) Moderate epithelial lifting confined to the tips of the villi was demonstrated in hamsters treated with Hypericum
perforatum (bar = 100 µm).
or 45 min of SMA occlusion (23,24). Önder et al. reported
a significant increase in serum MDA levels in a mesenteric
I/R injury model of 30 min of ischemia followed by a
1-h reperfusion period (25). The authors concluded that
curcumin ameliorated histopathological damage in the
intestine and distant organs and prevented the increase
in serum MDA levels with mesenteric I/R injury. In the
present study, we have detected increased serum MDA
levels after 60 min of ischemia by SMA occlusion followed
by a 24-h reperfusion period in hamsters. Consistent with
previous studies, our findings support the occurrence of
oxidative stress-induced tissue destruction after I/R injury.
Montelukast and H. perforatum administration prevented
the increase in MDA levels compared to the I/R group.
However, both treatment groups showed increased serum
MDA levels compared to the control group.
GSH is an antioxidant provided by dietary intake and
can prevent damage to important cellular components
caused by ROS, such as free radicals and peroxides. Reduced
GSH is the main intracellular endogenous antioxidant
384
produced and can nonenzymatically act directly with ROS
(e.g., superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals) for their
removal. Previous in vivo and in vitro studies showed that
midgut I/R injury can activate oxidative stress responses
with subsequent ROS generation and GSH depletion
(26–28). In our study, decreased serum GSH levels in
the I/R group were detected. We also found increased
GSH levels in the MIR and HPIR groups compared to the
control group. These results indicate that montelukast and
H. perforatum may protect against intestinal I/R injury
through the regulation of downstream antioxidant factors
such as GSH.
MPO is the most abundant cytoplasmic enzyme
in neutrophils and macrophages. Watson et al. found
significant time-dependent increases in MPO activity in
mice undergoing intestinal I/R injury. Increased MPO
activity in mesenteric I/R injury was also reported by other
authors (29–31). Lojek et al. reported that elevated MPO
activity was already evident at the end of the ischemic
period and maximum MPO activity was observed 3 h
OCAK et al. / Turk J Med Sci
after the onset of reperfusion (31). In the present study,
increased serum MPO levels in the I/R group supported
I/R-related oxidative stress. Montelukast and H. perforatum
treatments decreased the MPO levels significantly when
compared to the I/R group. The lowest level of MPO was
observed in the HPIR and control groups in our study.
CT-1 is a member of a family of cytokines that has been
demonstrated to have cytoprotective properties against
I/R injury (32). The results of our experiments indicate
that montelukast and H. perforatum treatment reduced
some of the ischemia-induced damage and increased CT-1
levels in hamster intestines.
There are some limitations of the present study. First of
all, we did not determine the additive effects of montelukast
and H. perforatum on I/R injury. Secondly, preventive
effects of these agents on early I/R injury models were not
tested in our study. We used dosages of montelukast and H.
perforatum according to the current literature. Separately,
the dose titration of these agents may provide additional
information about the effective dosages of the agents. Two
or more additional groups for determining the additive
efficacy of these agents and dose titration curve may be
more helpful in this context.
In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed
that montelukast and H. perforatum play an important
role in the protection of the intestine against I/R-induced
intestinal damage. These agents markedly reduced the
intestinal tissue damage due to the impact of both oxidative
stress and neutrophils. Further studies are necessary to
clarify the dose-response effects of these agents and their
applicability in human subjects.
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