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Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, 2014 Table of contents Table of contents Sponsors ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Forewords ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Session organizers .......................................................................................................................................... 8 General Information ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Schedule at a glance ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Field trips ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Program ........................................................................................................................................................ 14 Abstracts Session 1 -­‐ Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions ..................................................................................... 21 Oral presentations ............................................................................................................................................ 23 Posters .............................................................................................................................................................. 33 Session 2 -­‐ Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems ....................................................................... 47 Oral presentations ............................................................................................................................................ 49 Posters .............................................................................................................................................................. 59 Session 3 -­‐ Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of invasive plants ........................................................... 69 Oral presentations ............................................................................................................................................ 71 Posters .............................................................................................................................................................. 81 Session 4 -­‐ Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control ................................................... 107 Oral presentations .......................................................................................................................................... 109 Posters ............................................................................................................................................................ 119 Session 5 -­‐ Ragweed, joint session with COST Action SMARTER (Sustainable Management of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in Europe) .............................................................................................................................. 145 Oral presentations .......................................................................................................................................... 147 Posters ............................................................................................................................................................ 157 Session 6 -­‐ Human perceptions of biological invasions ................................................................................ 171 Oral presentations .......................................................................................................................................... 173 Posters ............................................................................................................................................................ 183 Session 7 -­‐ New tools for Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) and for Early Detection and Rapid Responses (EDRR) ......................................................................................................................................................... 187 Oral presentations .......................................................................................................................................... 189 Posters ............................................................................................................................................................ 201 Words cloud ................................................................................................................................................ 209 List of participants ....................................................................................................................................... 211 201 ponsors I EW EW I
nses PP La E e E irad L EPP nema E
L Ville d’Allex
4
201 t er s pportin instit tions 21 5
201 ore ord to assist communication 200 um in t e fenceline 200 lan sca e fra mentation an is ersal abilit 2011 control met o s transferable bet een a ricultural ee s an lant in a ers ans ers from uman societ 2011 t nternational m osium on ee s an n asi e lants an ere e are no im ortant bio i ersit ots ots ro ro uction il erleaf ni ts a e in asi e lants in e iterranean re ions 2 2010 201 teams base in ont ellier co
to ro ram ris assessment uro ean nion re ulation common ra ee Ambrosia artemisiifolia on a uatic an ri arian abitats on o t e eneral ublic ie 6
201 ont ellier u A ro 1
scour e of llo era 1 0 1 0 burstin it biolo ical in asion science istor s are our e eriences sub ect to inter isci linar iscussions an acti ities um in t e fenceline eo ra ical influence e c an in e eriences on control met o s ans ers from uman societ emem er also t at m osi m comes from t e ree meanin an et , t erefore e also is t at o ta e t e opport nit to en o some ood times d rin t e different social events of t is meetin ristian o ren illa me ried Montpellier
oli a o 2014
7
201 cientific ommittee and ession or ani ers essio essio essio essio essio essio essio essio 8
201 eneral information to participants aterin onneur all pea ers Posters 2
2 onference dinner 22 ield trips 1 00 21 00 12 1
0 9
ime 0 00 00 11 00 onda a 1
201 t
esda a 20t Welcome addresses ession 1 Invasive plants in editerranean re ions 12 0 1 1 1 1 14 0 14 0 1 0 Poster session 1 L nc ession 2 iolo , Ecolo , Evol tion and Impacts of invasive plants epart re s at ontpellier p ro 00 ield trip 1 offee rea ession contin ed amar e and editerranean coast ield trip 2 arri es and vine ard Poster session L nc ession 4 Invasive plants in a atic and riparian ecos stems 1 0 1 00 1 00 1 20 ffice opens offee rea ession 1 contin ed ac at ontpellier p ro at a o t 1 00 Invasive plant mana ement iolo ical and inte rated control offee rea ession 2 contin ed Wednesda a 21st ffice opens ession 11 00 11 0 11 0 12 0 offee rea ession 4 contin ed 1 20 1 4 1 4 20 00 1 00 Poster session Poster session 4 Poster session 2 erseas aboratories a in a uccess t rou international elations i s A 20 00 Welcome reception Wine eese Café de la Biodiversité
Debate for the general
public (in French)
Sarah Brunel (EPPO)
Brasserie le Dôme,
2, avenue Georges
Clémenceau,
34000 Montpellier
10
10 201 rsda a 22nd ime 0 00 00 11 00 rida a 2
ffice opens ession rd
ffice opens ession a eed, oint session it ction E staina le ana ement of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in E rope 11 00 11 0 11 0 12 0 e tools for Weed is ssessment W
and for Earl etection and apid esponses E
offee rea ession contin ed offee rea ession contin ed 12 0 1 1 1 1 14 0 14 0 1 0 12 0 Poster session Poster session L nc ession Poster session L nc man perceptions of iolo ical invasions 1 0 1 00 1 00 1 20 1 20 1 4 1 4 20 00 20 00 offee rea ession contin ed ession Poster session onference dinner tea de la er es 11
11 ield trip 1 amar
r ani ers omini
201 e and editerranean coast e o tinot, att e illa me ried Pro ram 0
0 epart re from ontpellier to aint La rent d i o e 10 00 12 00 p
ro at 0 ontpellier p
ro, travel omaine d Petit aint ean, aint La rent d i o e ard icolas ec o r d alat inus i actis riant
ul ia m s orbicularis sansou res 12 00 1
0 14 00 1 00 Ambrosia silostac a inea imo orum aborti um us ra ennae eucrium unense Picnic on t e rass it o r pac ed l nc at t e omain Petit aint ean ana in actions on invasive plants at t e littoral Espi ette aloni e, ra d oi ard en amin irot onservatoire des Espaces at rels d Lan edoc
o ssillon , L cie La
ndicat mi te po r la estion et la protection de la amar e ardoise imonium uncus maritimus 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 Listel imonium irar ianum Artemisia caerulescens allica acc aris alimifolia 1 00 12
12 ield trip 2 arri
201 es and vine ards r ani ers en for a, Pierre E ret, Isa elle andon al er illa me ried Pro ram 0
0 0 11 0 epart re from ontpellier ala o La e p
ro at 0, travel to t e ala o La e P rna d , r mond 4 , P artin ssociation attoral untia rosea P rna d a arosi on ma or r mond P rna d P artin 11 0 1
0 ontpe ro
, its vine ards, its arri
11 0 12 0 otanical 12 0 1 0 Picnic 1 0 1 0 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 ided to r of aint
ia le es and its astellas al flora of t e arri es vine ard cellar olanum elea nifolium il em le sert 1 possi le stop at t e Pont d assella tenuissima 1 00 1 13
t
onda , a 1
201 ession 0 Introd ction Welcome addresses 0
0
0
0 0 00 ession 1 Invasive plants in editerranean re ions 00
0 Ecolo ical impacts of invasive plants e note ontserrat il 0 10 00 10 00 10 20 Arun o ona 10 20 10 0 10 0 11 00 11 00 11 0 offee rea 11 0 11 0 11 0 12 10 12 0 12 0 12 10 12 0 Acacia ealbata olanum elaea nifolium 12 0 1 1 1 1 1 14 0 L nc 14
1 ession 2 1
201 Invasive plants in a atic and riparian ecos stems 0 1 10 1 10 1
0 1
01
0 1
0 1 10 Invasive Plants in Iris res
ana ement e note oe affre e noutria bo emica aters Impacts, ontrol and Acer ne un o 2000 1 10 1
0 m atiens lan ulifera 1
0 1 00 offee rea 1 00 1 20 1 20 1
1
0 u
u
i ia ran iflora i ia 0 1 00 u
1 00 1 2 i ia e loi es e a etala u
i ia ran iflora 2 15
1 201 esda , a 20t ession iolo , Ecolo , Evol tion and Impacts of invasive plants 00
0 ic e evol tion and iolo ical invasions e note astien Laver ne 0 10 00 enecio tero
orus 10 00 10 20 10 20 10 0 10 0 11 00 allo ia a onica 11 00 11 0 offee rea 11 0 11 0 11 0 12 10 12 10 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 1 1 allo ia acc aris alimifolia 1 1 14 0 L nc 16
1 ession 4 1
201 Invasive plant mana ement iolo ical and inte rated control 0 1 10 1 10 1
Inte rated Weed ana ement t e se of iolo ical control of eeds in a ric lt ral and nat ral environment e note assimo ristofaro 0 acc aris alimifolia 1
01
0 1
0 1 10 1 10 1
0 1
0 1 00 offee rea 1 00 1 20 1 20 1
0 enecio ma a ascariensis . inae ui ens 1
0 1 00 1 00 1 20 1 20 1
in situ 17
1 201 rsda , a 22nd ession a eed, oint session it ction E ana ement of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in E rope staina le 00
ccidental introd ctions of classical iolo ical a ents a ainst invasive eeds in E rope t e ra eed leaf eetle as a case st d e note rs c affner 0 0 10 00 artemisiifolia 10 00 10 20 10 20 10 0 10 0 11 00 artemisiifolia tenuifolia Ambrosia Ambrosia Ambrosia confertiflora A. 11 00 11 0 offee rea 11 0 11 0 11 0 12 10 Ambrosia artemisiifolia 12 10 12 0 12 0 1 1 1 1 14 0 L nc 18
1 ession 1
201 man perception of iolo ical invasions 0 1 10 1 10 1
0 1
0 01
ol ntar odes of ond ct for otanic ardens and t e ortic lt ral trade to com at t reats from invasive species e note ernon e ood 1
0 1 10 1 10 1
0 1
0 1 00 offee rea 1 00 1 20 1 20 1
0 1
0 1 00 1 00 1 20 1 20 1
19
1 rida , a 2
rd
201 ession e tools for Weed is ssessment W
and apid esponses E
and for Earl etection 00
0 Weed eradication feasi ilit and pro ramme eval ation e note ane Panetta 0 10 00 10 00 10 20 10 20 10 0 10 0 11 00 11 00 11 0 offee rea 11 0 11 0 11 0 12 10 12 10 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 1 1 1 1 14 0 L nc 20
20 Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
SESSION 1
INVASIVE PLANTS
IN MEDITERRANEAN REGIONS
Session Chair: Jordi Recasens,
Abdelkader Taleb & Guillaume Fried
21
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
21 22
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
SESSION 1
INVASIVE PLANTS
IN MEDITERRANEAN REGIONS
Oral presentations
23
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
2 Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
KEYNOTE
Ecological impacts of alien plants
Montserrat Vilà
Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Spain
E-mail: montse.vila@ebd.csic.es
Studies on the ecological impacts of non-native plants have increased exponentially
in the last two decades. However, it is unclear whether there are strong patterns in terms of
their major effects, how the vulnerability of different ecosystems varies, and which ecosystem
services are at greatest risk.
A global meta-analysis of more than 1000 field studies has shown that non-native
plants had a significant effect in 11 out of 24 different types of ecological impacts. However,
these studies focus on a few plant species (i.e. 9 species account for 1/3 of studies).
Moreover, the frequency for which an impact has been assessed is biased towards certain
regions with Australasia as the most overrepresented. This presentation will identify the most
studied species and the most studied impacts in Mediterranean regions, especially in
Europe.
24
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
2 Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
Cacti as alien species: a global review
Novoa A., Richardson D.M. & J.R.U. Wilson
Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University,
South Africa
E-mail (corresponding author): anan@sun.ac.za
The cactus family (Cactaceae) comprises approximately 1850 species, distributed in
the American continent throughout a large variety of habitats, including bare, hot deserts,
sandy coastal stretches, scrublands, and even tropical rain forests. This wide variety of
habitats has resulted in many cactus shapes and sizes. As a result of their diversity, beauty,
and ease of cultivation, cacti species were introduced to Europe as early as the return trip
from the first voyage to the New World in the 15th century. Several cactus species were soon
found in the collections and gardens of Europe, and their interest to horticulturists as well as
their trade throughout the world has continued since then. Currently, as a result of these
human introductions, many cactus species have become serious invasive plants in
Mediterranean regions, causing harm to livestock, crops and biodiversity.
Every year, new cactus species are exported outside their native range, and new
species become invasive. One of the best predictors of invasiveness of introduced species is
whether they have invaded in other parts of the world, Consequently, we compiled a global
inventory of the status of cactus species as a tool for management. Broad-scale climatic
matching is widely recognized as a fundamental requirement for the success of introduced
plants. We identified areas of the world that are bioclimatically equivalent to the native area
of the Cactaceae. Finally, we studied carefully some of their most distinguish morphological
characteristics, uses and impacts and propose a list of potentially invasive cactus species.
Keywords: Cactaceae invasions; Reasons for introduction; Management
25
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
2 Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
The reed cane Arundo donax L., an ancient Mediterranean
invasive species originating from Middle East
Hardion L.1, Verlaque R.1, Saltonstall K.2, Leriche A.1 & B.Vila1
1
Aix Marseille Université, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie (UMR CNRS
IRD), France
2
Smithonian Tropical Reasearch Institute, Panama
E-mail (corresponding author): Laurent.hardion@imbe.fr
The hypothesis of an ancient introduction, i.e. of archaeophyte origin, is one of the
most challenging questions in phylogeography. Today Arundo donax L. (Poaceae) is
considered to be one of the worst invasive species around the globe, probably because it
has been widely used by humans across Eurasia since the Neolithic. Despite a lack of
phylogenetic data, the recent literature has often speculated on its introduction to the
Mediterranean region. This study tests the hypothesis of its ancient introduction from Asia to
the Mediterranean using chloroplast DNA sequencing and morphometric analysis on 127
herbarium specimens collected across subtropical Eurasia. In addition, we used a bioclimatic
species distribution model calibrated on 1221 Mediterranean localities to identify similar
bioclimatic conditions in Asia. Despite the analysis of several cpDNA hyper-variable sites and
the identification of 13 haplotypes, A. donax was represented by only one haplotype from the
Mediterranean to the Middle East. This haplotype is shared with invasive samples worldwide,
and its nearest phylogenetic relatives are located along the Indus Valley (Middle East).
Morphometric data characterized this invasive clone by a robust morphotype distinguishable
from all other Asian samples. Our ecological niche modelling designated Southern Caspian
Sea, Southern Iran and the Indus Valley as the most suitable region in Asia for the invasive
clone of A. donax. Based on our integrative approach, we hypothesize an ancient dispersion
of this robust, high polyploidy and non-fructiferous clone from the Middle East to the West,
leading to its invasion throughout the Mediterranean Basin.
Keywords: Arundo donax; Invasive species; Archaeophyte; Clonal species
26
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
2 Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
Drier climatic conditions may lead to increased herbivore pressure
on a native tree, but not on an invasive competitor
Van der Colff D., Roets F., Valentine A. & L.L. Dreyer
Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
E-mail (corresponding author): D.vandercolff@sanbi.org.za
In the face of global climatic change, the interaction of pests and pathogens with their
host plants becomes important. We investigated how an invasive plant (Acacia mearnsii)
interacts with pests and pathogens in its invaded ranges and compare it to a related native
species (Virgilia divaricata) in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. We determined how
herbivore abundance and disease development differed between the two species across a
moisture gradient and whether observed differences can be explained by moisture
availability and/or foliar nutrient content. Both plants had similar foliar nutrient content, but
measurements of 13C isotope ratios in the foliage indicated that only the native plant
experienced drought stress at the drier sites. The disease development was similar in both
plants, but herbivore abundance was higher on the native plant. In contrast, herbivore
numbers on V. divaricata increased at drier sites, indicating higher vulnerability to attack if
climatic conditions become drier. A. mearnsii herbivore abundance were unaffected by
moisture availability. Therefore, under conditions of increased drought, V. divaricata may
experience higher levels of drought stress than the invasive A. mearnsii and may suffer from
increased herbivory. Interestingly, herbivore abundance and disease development was
significantly influenced by plant nutrient content for A. mearnsii and not for V. divaricata.
Relatively nutrient poor A. mearnsii trees experienced higher herbivore loads and slower
disease development than nutrient rich trees. Therefore, the susceptibility of A. mearnsii
seems to be determined by plant nutrient levels, a factor that varies independently of
moisture availability.
Keywords: Acacia mearnsii; Plant invasions; Ophiostomatoid fungi; Herbivory, Cape
Floristic Region
27
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
2 Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
A comparative study between the photoprotection strategies
of an alien invasive species (Cortaderia selloana) with a native
protected Mediterranean palm (Chamaerops humilis)
Pintó-Marijuan M., Morales M., Fenollosa E. & S. Munné-Bosch
Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
E-mail (corresponding author): marta.pinto.marijuan@gmail.com
Several studies have been performed regarding plant invasion success between alien
invasive species and native protected plants from an ecological point of view. Additional
approaches comparing physiological mechanisms underlying adaptation of native and
invasive species are still needed to better understand the invasion potential of alien species.
Here, we aimed at comparing photoprotection strategies between an alien invasive species
(Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Asch. & Graebn) and a native protected
Mediterranean palm (Chamaerops humilis L.). Furthermore, we evaluated to what extend the
size of the native species can affect photoprotection and invasion success.
C. selloana showed higher photosynthetic performance (CO2 assimilation and
photosystem II efficiency) than C. humilis, thus reflecting an increased growth capacity in the
former. However, C. humilis showed effective strategies to prevent photo-oxidative damage
from the excess of light energy that was not processed on the electron transport chain,
including (i) increased dissipation of excess excitation energy as heat through
nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence, and (ii) increased
antioxidant levels.
The role of these photoprotection mechanisms and trade-offs between investments in
growth and photoprotective defence responses will be discussed. It is shown here that
photoprotection strategies should be considered among other ecophysiological traits to better
understand the potential aggressiveness of new alien species.
Keywords: CO2 assimilation;
Photoprotection mechanisms
28
Photosystem
II
efficiency,
Ecophysiological
traits;
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
2 Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
Heads and tails in Acacia dealbata Link management:
effectiveness of control and implications
for native plants and soil microbial function
Souza-Alonso P.1, Lorenzo P.2, Rubido-Bará M.1 & L. González 1
1
Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, Spain
Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
2
E-mail (corresponding author): souza@uvigo.es
Acacia dealbata Link is an aggressive invasive tree native from Australia and
currently widely distributed in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Despite the abundant
literature concerning A. dealbata invasion processes, less attention has focused on
managing its expansion. To our knowledge, this work represents the first approach to its
control in Europe. Based on previous experiments, the present assay was carried out from
April 2010 to June 2012 in an invaded area in the NW of Spain using direct herbicide
(triclopyr) spraying and herbicide application after cutting of saplings and adult plants.
After herbicide application, biometrical measurements were periodically carried out
and soil microbial community activity, plant diversity and plant species composition were
monitored. A. dealbata individuals were severely affected by treatments, causing the dead of
all treated individuals. Enzymatic activities and soil respiration were significantly enhanced
when cutting and herbicide were applied in combination but not after herbicide application on
its own. Species richness, diversity, evenness and cover were significantly reduced in the
sprayed herbicide treatment one year after the last herbicide application, but the differences
disappeared in the following spring. Plant species and functional group distribution were
conditioned due to the treatment.
This study provides the first approach to A. dealbata management in Europe. The
selected treatments produced promising results in terms of managing this invasive tree. Due
to the effectiveness of treatments and the absence of long-term effects, further application of
triclopyr would seem to be feasible to reduce A. dealbata spreading.
Keywords: Invasive plant control; Herbicide spraying; Soil enzymatic activity; Soil basal
respiration; Species richness and plant diversity
29
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
2 Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
A comparative study of life traits of alien versus native weeds
of the crops of Oranie (North-West Algeria)
Kazi Tani C.1, Le Bourgeois T.2 & F. Munoz3
1
Département de Pharmacie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Abou Bekr Belkaïd, Algeria
CIRAD, UMR AMAP, France
3
Université de Montpellier 2, UMR AMAP, France
2
E-mail (corresponding author): kazi_tc@yahoo.com
The analysis of weed flora composition in the crops of Oranie (North-West Algeria)
highlighted the presence of 30 alien species which are dominated by Asteraceae,
Amaranthaceae and Solanaceae. Around 73% of these species were native to the American
continent and 67% came from tropical regions. The most representative life traits in alien
weed species compared to native ones were: spring to summer germination (73% vs 15%),
non specialized dissemination strategies, but related with anthropic activities (70% vs 46%),
strict to preferential self-pollination (73% vs 39%), and the high proportion of C4 species
(23% vs 3%). The agricultural biotopes mainly affected were the irrigated summer crops with
short rotation and important amount of nitrogen fertilization. The success of alien species
seemed to result from suitability between environmental conditions of a newly created habitat
(summer temperature, humidity, important nitrogen rate, frequent perturbations, short
rotations, availability of ecological niches) and from species traits (annual type, summer
germination, photosynthetic pathway in C4, speirochory).
Keywords: Agrosystems; Field surveys; Phylogeny; Biotypes; Speirochory
30
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
0 Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
Solanum elaeagnifolium (Silverleaf Nightshade),
a rising problem in the Mediterranean region
Kashefi J.1, Bon M-C.2, Gbehounou G.3, Uludag A.4,
Lagopodi A.5, Bell C.6 & M. Bouhache7
1
USDA/ARS/European Biological Control Laboratory, Greece
USDA/ARS European Biological Control Laboratory, France
3
FAO/AGP, Rome, Italy
4
Faculty of Agriculture, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey
5
Dept. Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
6
UC Cooperative Extension, San Diego, USA
7
Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
2
E-mail (corresponding author): jkashefi@ars-ebcl.org
Silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) is one of the most prominent invasive
alien weeds in the Mediterranean Basin. It reproduces by sexual and vegetative means and
occupies arable, pastoral, urban and sub-urban areas with a geographic range that is likely
to accelerate under climate change. Furthermore, the species is toxic to some livestock. The
extensive and deep perennial root system makes the weed extremely competitive for
moisture and nutrients with many crops by resisting drought and tolerating saline conditions.
Infestations are more significant in dry lands, although irrigated croplands are also prone to
invasion. As a consequence, the specie is becoming a serious threat to agriculture in
Mediterranean region. Limited control techniques currently available are uneconomical for
the treatment of large, dense infestations. As a result, long-term and widely applicable
options are required for a sustainable management, as well as the coordination of institutions
involved in S. elaeagnifolium research and management throughout the Mediterranean
Basin. In 2013, the 1st Mediterranean Workshop on SOEL attracted participants from 10
countries in the Balkans, Middle East and North Africa which are invaded by SOEL, as well
as representatives of FAO and EPPO. After the meeting a taskforce formed to prepare a
proposal for funding further study and control of the weed. We will present an update of the
current situation of the SOEL invasion, its threats to agriculture, ecology and human welfares
in these regions, and also identify the research needs including biological control, prevention
and early detection, that were discussed during this workshop.
Keywords: Solanum elaeagnifolium; Alien weed; Control; Mediterranean region
31
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
1 Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
Are irrigated crops and the surrounding riparian habitats
linked by alien weeds?
Juárez-Escario A., Solé-Senan X. O. & J. A. Conesa
Hortofructiculture, Botany and Gardening Dept/ETSEA-Agrotecnio, University of Lleida,
Spain
E-mail (corresponding author): alejandro.juarez@udl.cat
Many studies focus on alien plant diversity in natural habitats and, to a lesser extent,
in agricultural habitats. However, few studies compare the alien plant species growing in
crops with those established in the surrounding natural habitats. The aim of this work is to
assess the level of similarity between the alien plant species in crops and the surrounding
riparian habitats and to compare it with the level of similarity of the overall flora in these
habitats.
For this purpose we surveyed weed communities in flood/drip irrigated orchards
located at a distance of less than 50 to more than 250 m in a lateral gradient from the
surrounding natural habitats (the floodplain) and in the habitats that compound this floodplain
(frequently flooded bank, reed bed and riparian forest) along 22 kilometers of the NogueraRibagorzana river (Lleida, NE Iberian Peninsula). NMDS and dissimilarity index for overall
and alien species were performed in order to find differences in the floristic composition
between these habitats.
The results showed high differences between the overall composition of orchards
plant communities compared to those of riparian habitats (Chao similarity index between
orchards and riparian habitats ranges from 0,44 to 29,01). However, regarding alien plants
composition, a higher similarity between alien plants present in orchards and those present
in the frequently flooded banks was found (Chao similarity index from 29,23 to 67,06). These
results indicated that alien weeds are shared by crops and frequently flooded banks and that
fruit tree orchards may act as transitional habitats for the spread of alien weeds into other
orchards and the surrounding riparian habitats.
Keywords: Alien plants; Irrigated orchards; Riparian habitats; Gradient; Chao index;
Similarity
32
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
2 Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
SESSION 1
INVASIVE PLANTS
IN MEDITERRANEAN REGIONS
Posters
33
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
P1-1
Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
Distribution range of four dangerous non-native species in Italy
Gentili R., Gilardelli F., Ghiani A., Ciapetta S. & S. Citterio
University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Italy
E-mail (corresponding author): rodolfo.gentili@unimib.it
Across the world, alien species have a negative impact on crops, biodiversity and
ecosystems. Due to their toxicity or allergenic pollen, several alien species are also of great
health concern. During the last two centuries in Italy, numerous non-native species have
been listed in the Italian Flora; four species were considered particularly invasive and
dangerous due to their high rate of occurrence in degraded habitats: Ambrosia artemisiifolia
L., Reynoutria japonica Houtt., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Senecio inaequidens DC.
We present a contribution to the reconstruction of the distribution of these species
across Italy by using herbarium specimens to outline their spatio-temporal invasion trends
and habitat preferences. The preliminary distribution data collected during this work allowed
producing distribution maps of such species.
Concerning habitat preference results showed that A. artemisiifolia, R. japonica, and
S. inaequidens colonized road sides, rivers and abandoned fields. P. serotina preferred
forest and wood areas. A. artemisiifolia was first reported in a botanic garden close to Turin
in the 19th century, however it was only considered as a naturalized species in the first
decade of 20th century in the area of Alba (TO). The other species seem to be of late
spreading in Italy as most herbarium have been collected after 1950.
To understand and prevent invasion processes, contrasting measures are necessary
both at local and international levels. The first stage is the assemblage of continental
databases on the distribution and level of invasiveness of species, and then defining large
scale action plans indicating the priorities of interventions.
Keywords: Herbarium record; Biological invasions; Adaptation; Disturbed habitat; Ecological
and economic impacts
34
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
Abstracts session 1
P1-2
Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
A catalogue of non-native weeds of irrigated crops in Sardinia (Italy)
Cossu T., Camarda I. & G. Brundu
University of Sassari, Department of Agriculture, Italy
E-mail (corresponding author): tiz.cossu@tiscali.it
Arable land and agro-ecosystems are particularly affected by invasive alien plants
which often produce economic damages due to crop yield losses, decrease in the quality of
the product, in the palability of rangeland floras and promote a higher use of pesticides.
Invaded agro-ecosystems could constitute foci for further invasion of surrounding natural
habitats. Several studies were adrressed to the alien flora of Sardinia (Italy) and it islets but a
specific study on presence and abundance on alien weed in irrigated crops was still lacking.
For this purpose, we screened all the available literature on alien plants to create an
inventory dedicated to irrigated crops in Sardinia. The main sources were the national
inventory made by Celesti-Grapow et al. in 2009 (Plant Biosystems 143) and other regional
sources such as Moris (1827, 1837-1859), Chiappini (1985), Viegi (1993), Camarda (1982,
1983, 1998, 2001), Bacchetta et al. (2009), Podda et al. (2012), Arrigoni (Flora of the Island
of Sardinia, 2006-2013). In addition, dedicated field surveys were done in areas devoted to
different irrigated crops (e.g., corn, rice, vegetables, alfa-alfa) to verify and integrate the
literature data.
The final inventory counts 159 alien plants in irrigated crops in Sardinia. The EPPO
(European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation) prioritization method was used
to evaluate the risk posed by of each species, with the aim of establishing priority for actions
and the most appropriate management procedures.
Keywords: Inventory; Neophytes; Agro-ecosystems; Prioritization
35
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
P1-3
Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
Evolution of the crop associated phytodiversity
in Oranie (North-West Algeria) from Neolithic to nowadays
Kazi Tani C.
Département de Pharmacie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Abou Bekr Belkaïd, Algeria
E-mail (corresponding author): kazi_tc@yahoo.com
This paper provides a checklist of the 92 archeophytes and 30 neophytes present in
the crops of the oranian phytogeographical territory (North-West Algeria). Archeophytes were
dominated by species from Poaceae, Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Apiacaeae, and Fabaceae
families. 52% of these archeophytes were of Irano-Turanian sensu lato origin. Among
neophytes, Asteraceae, Amaranthacaeae, and Solanaceae dominate, 69% of which are of
American origin. Speirochory (i.e. unintentional introduction) is the main pathway of
introduction of those species. Neolithic and Antiquity are the most important period for
species immigration while Middle Age period correspond to a sharp slowing down of new
introductions. The colonial period, from 1850 to 1962, correspond to the period during which
most neophytes were introduced, although the modern period, from 1990 up today,
continues to see new introductions, including species among the most noxious weeds, yet
with a lower rate.
Keywords: Archeophytes; Neophytes; Paleobotany; Life forms; Speirochory; Oranie
(Algeria)
36
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
Abstracts session 1
P1-4
Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
My name is Palmer Amaranth. I come from America
Recasens J., Baños A., Edo E., Torra J. & A. Royo
Weed Science and Plant Ecology, Dept. HBJ. Agrotecnio, ETSEA, Universitat de Lleida,
Spain
E-mail (corresponding author): jrecasens@hbj.udl.cat
Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson is a dioecious plant native of North America, where it
causes significant yield losses in cotton, soya been and maize, and is developing different
herbicide resistance mechanisms in Genetically Modified Crops. In the last years this species
has been observed in several localities in NE Spain, where a road-side and maize field edge
population was first recorded in Menàrguens in 2008. It was later observed in industrial areas
of Lleida and road sides of Binéfar (Huesca). These three populations show clear
naturalization through a great seedling emergence, development and successful fecundity.
This species was also observed in two localities in the South of Spain, and in other places in
central Europe, but its survival seemed not to be successful.
According to the habitat invaded, this case could be an interesting example to
analyze and evaluate if threats of invasive weeds in agricultural systems are in the same
consideration to those in environmental systems. Furthermore, different questions arise
according to their recent introduction, behavior and invaded habitats in NE Spain: 1) Are
these three populations originated from a unique initial spread point or did the colonization
process take place separately? 2) Do these populations show phenotypic differences that
provide them different availabilities to colonize one or more habitats? 3) Could these
populations incorporate herbicide resistance genes? These and other questions define an
interesting scenario for Palmer Amaranth to understand if an initial invasion process take
place in NE Spain and if is necessary to develop a Pest Risk Analysis
Keywords: Amaranthus palmeri; Invader; Spain; Biological attributes
37
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
P1-5
Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
Parthenium hysterophorus L., a spreading invasive weed in Israel
Yaacoby T.1 & B. Rubin2
1
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Plant Protection & Inspection Services,
Israel
2
RH Smith Institute of Plant Sci. & Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and
Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
Email (corresponding author): tobyy@moag.gov.il
Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) is an annual plant (or short-lived perennial
under certain growth conditions) native to the subtropics of North and South America. The
plant has been introduced accidentally to Australia, India and many other countries in Africa,
Asia and the Pacific where it is considered invasive weed. Within the EPPO region, its
distribution is still limited, as occurrence has only officially been reported in Israel so far in the
Bet She'an (Scyithopolis) Valley area (Dafni & Heller, 1982). In the last years the plant
spread out of its initial establishment loci along roadsides. The entrance pathway is not
known, but is probably via the import of grains from the USA, as was the case with other
invasive species which entered Israel during the last 2 to 3 decades (Yaacoby 1998,
Yaacoby et al 2001). P. hysterophorus is recorded in alfalfa, clover, tomatoes, cotton and
forage fields (Joel & Liston, 1986, Rubin et al., 2010), and dates in Israel (T. Yaacoby, pers.
Obs, 2013). Survey took place during summer 2013 showed that P. hysterophorus continue
to spread and its infesting almost every space of the Jordan Valley; avocado, dates and
banana orchards, in villages (kibbutz) gardens and along field and driving roads.
Keywords: Parthenium hysterophorus; Import of grains; Forage fields
38
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
Abstracts session 1
P1-6
Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Looking for a threshold impact of groundsel tree (Baccharis
halimifolia L.) on Mediterranean saltmarsh communities:
comparison with a native shrub
Fried G.1 & D. Panetta2
1
Unité Entomologie et Plantes invasives, Laboratoire de la Santé des végétaux, Anses,
France
2
Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Australia
E-mail (corresponding author): guillaume.fried@anses.fr
Baccharis halimifolia (Asteraceae) is a North American shrub introduced for
ornamental purposes and considered as invasive in France. That invasive species forming
dense thickets can have an impact on resident communities seems obvious. However, three
issues that remain poorly understood are addressed here: i) to what extent may impact vary
from site to site? ii) does the impact following establishment of B. halimifolia differ from that
of a native shrub (Tamarix gallica L.) during natural successions? iii) are there impact
thresholds above which native species richness and/or cover declines rapidly?
Vegetation has been sampled in two regions in the South of France (Camargue,
Roussillon), each including three different sites with plots variously invaded by B. halimifolia,
plots dominated by T. gallica (native shrub) or plots without a shrub layer (control). Different
models (GLMM) were built to explain variations in native species richness and/or cover. To
assess the nature of the relationships between invasive species cover and impact (linear or
sigmoid), linear regressions were compared to cubic regressions.
B. halimifolia significantly reduced native species richness, with no significant
differences between regions and sites. Impacts of B. halimifolia were stronger than those
observed for the native shrub T. gallica. Species richness declined linearly with increasing
cover of B. halimifolia, while changes in native species cover were better described by a
cubic regression with a threshold cover of B. halimifolia of around 90%. Future research will
be needed to validate the use of impact thresholds as an efficient conservation strategy for
invaded landscapes.
Keywords: Species richness; Impact threshold; Community structure; Natural succession
39
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
P1-7
Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
A new weed in fruit orchards: tree of heaven
(Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle)
Uludag A.1, Pehluvan M.2 & B. Dogru2
1
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department,
Çanakkale, Turkey
2
I dır University, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture Department, I dır, Turkey
Email (corresponding author): ahuludag@yahoo.com
Fruit production is an important economic sector in the I dır Province of Turkey. Tree
of heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle), which is a native of China, was recorded in
two apple orchards which are next to each other. It has been planted in I dır like the other
parts of Turkey as ornamental and forestation tree to prevent erosion by authorities and then
spread through in and around city. In addition, people plant it their home gardens and around
fields for shading in I dır. It is supposed that these all are the reason for infestations. Tree of
heaven mainly grown next to apple trees in the orchards because tillage had been a common
practice between rows, which does not allow tree of heaven grow. Despite saplings/trees of
tree of heaven near apple trees cut by saw in spring, new offsprings were determined in early
summer and became a tree during summer. The diameter of apple trees that were next to
tree of heaven compared with the diameter of surrounding four apple trees. There was no
significant difference. However, it could not be interpreted that tree of heaven does not have
impact on apple tree because roots of the tree of heaven spreads through orchard. Economic
impact of tree of heaven on apple tree needs to be further studied.
Keywords: Tree of heaven; Ailanthus altissima; Apple orchard; IAP; Weed
40
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
0 Abstracts session 1
P1-8
Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Presence of weeds and invasive plants in agricultural seeds
Santín-Montanyá M.I1, Nieto-Taladriz García M.T.2 & J. L. Alonso-Prados2
1
Crop Protection Department, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and
Technology (INIA), Spain
2
Technical Direction for Evaluation of Plant Varieties and Plant Protection Product
(DTEVPF), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA),
Spain
E-mail (corresponding author): isantin@inia.es
Agricultural crops can be vulnerable to the presence of unwanted, even invasive
weeds. The species, which contaminate crop seeds, are not only an environmental problem;
they are also an economic problem. These plants can affect the performance of farmland,
forcing a consumption of resources to control their presence.
A measure to prevent the presence of invasive plants is integrated weed
management, including the use of certified seed in agricultural crops. The seed standards,
from EU directives, establish limits for the presence of weed seeds for certified seed lots,
with specific restrictions per weed species.
However, certification does not offer a complete guarantee that unwanted species will
not be introduced into the agro-system. The presence of seed contaminants, although at
minimum percentages, may actually represent the introduction of a large number of seeds in
the field due to the high densities used for sowing. The introduced species during sowing
could potentially become invasive weeds if they are not removed from the soil the following
seasons. We intend to study the issues related to the presence of weeds and/or invasive
species in agricultural crops caused by residual contamination of certified seed lots.
In this study, we assess the presence of seeds (of weeds and/or invasive species)
and we identify the dominant unwanted species (Emergency Test) in seed lots provided for
certification to the Seed Testing Laboratory (INIA).
Keywords: Agro-systems; Certified seeds; Contamination; Directive; Sowing
41
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
2 P1-9
Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
Two invasive parasitic plants:
Cuscuta campestris Yunch. and C. approximata Bab.
their distributions, hosts and germination biology
Kaya I.1, Nemli Y.2, Tamer S.R.2 & A. Uludag3
1
YuzuncuYilUniversity, Agriculture Faculty, Plant Protection Department, Turkey
AegeanUniversity, Agriculture Faculty, Plant Protection Department, Turkey
3
Canakkale University, Agriculture Faculty, Plant Protection Department, Turkey
2
E-mail (corresponding author): ilhank@yyu.edu.tr
Dodders (Cuscuta spp.) are stems and branches holoparasites of many crop plants.
Approximately 120 dodder species have been recorded all over the World. Among which
sixteen species exist in the flora of Turkey. Three dodder species are economically important
in agriculture area in Turkey as well as in many countries. Which are C. campestris Yunck.,
C. approximata Bab. and C. monogyna Vahl. C. campestris is native in North America and is
distributed all over the World. C. approximata is native to the old World and had been
introduced into North America while C. monogyna is native to the old World and spread
around its native area. In this study germination biology of C. campestris and C. approximata
were investigated under different temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35°C). According to the
results of this study, optimal germination temperatures ranged between 20 and 35°C for C.
campestris and between 15-25°C for C. approximata. At the other hand, distribution and
hosts of those two parasitic species were observed in Turkey. C. campestris is distributed all
over the Turkey although less frequent in the Black Sea Region. This species prefers
sunlight. It is assumed that C. campestris was introduced in Turkey in 1925 via imported
seeds and then distributed all over the countries. It has more than 40 host species
includingboth weeds and crop plants in Turkey. C. approximate mainly attacks lucerne
(Medicago sativa L.) and is called alfalfa dodder. It seems to be specific to lucerne and it has
not been yet recorded in other crop plants in Turkey.
Keywords: Invasive parasitic plants; Seed germination; Cuscuta campestris; Cuscuta
approximata
42
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
Abstracts session 1
P1-10
Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Eradication program against Opuntia rosea DC.
in the municipality of Celles, Hérault (France)
Arnaud P.1, Majurel R.2, Piegay L.3, Andrieu F.4, Delforge C.5 & P. Ehret6
1
National Hunting and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), France
Conseil Général de l’Hérault, France
3
Municipality of Celles, France
4
Conservatoire Botanique National Méditerranéen de Porquerolles, France
5
Syndicat mixte ‘Grand Site du Salagou et Moureze’, France
6
National Plant Protection Organisation, France
2
Email (corresponding author): Pascal.Arnaud@oncfs.gouv.fr
The Salagou area is characterized by the presence of fine-grained sandstone,
constantly revived by active erosion. It currently forms a landscape alternating areas of low
scrubland and bare eroded soil, strongly marked by aridity. It is within this landscape that the
presence of a cactus unknown in the wild was first observed in 2005 by an agent of the
National Hunting and Wildlife Agency. This information was forwarded to the Mediterranean
National Botanical Conservatory and the development of Opuntia rosea DC. has been
monitored during several years.
The biggest individuals reached 1.50m high and 3m wide, forming a "kind of shrub
composed of cucumbers and bristling with long sharp spines" as described by a resident.
The spines easily penetrate the skin and are difficult to extract (and also pass through shoe
soles, tires,...). The number, size and shape of the spine as well as a high vegetative
reproduction through cladodes led botanists to propose eradication. The harmful effects of
this cactus, mainly on the recreational usage value of natural areas have encouraged local
actors to support the eradication effort.
The eradication program began in 2009. It involved the General Council of Hérault
(which provided significant logistical requirements for grubbing, transport and burial of the
large plants uprooted) and professionals of the environmental sector and local elected
officials. It proves necessary to carry on for several years, as the regeneration capacity of the
plant is important. After four years of regular surveys and uprooting, many juvenile plants are
still collected steadily. To better understand the phenomena of dissemination and to ensure
the success of the eradication effort, three monitoring plots have been established and will
be followed starting in the spring 2014.
This experience illustrates the possibilities of a successful eradication campaign
involving local stakeholders, although post-eradication monitoring will still be necessary for
several years.
Keywords: Opuntia rosea DC.; Eradication; Monitoring; Local actors; Usage value
43
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
P1-11
Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Abstracts session 1
Studies on Oxalis pes-caprae L.: an invasive alien plant
in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Demirci M.1, Nemli Y.2, Solyalı E.3, Türkseven S.2, Vurana K.3, Molaei P.2,
Unsal M. A.3 & A. Uludag4
1
Agrobest Grup, Turkey
Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Plant Protection, Turkey
3
Ministry of Agriculture of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Turkey
4
Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Plant Protection, Turkey
2
E-mail (corresponding author): mehmet.demirci@agrobestgrup.com
In recent years 85 alien plant taxa have introduced to the Cyprus Island and
established in cultivated areas. Within these species, is remarkable the presence of Oxalis
pes-caprae, a native plant from Cape Region (South Africa). The species was introduced to
Crete and Cyprus in 1880 and nowadays is well established in all over Cyprus Island. The
geographic distribution of the species is related to agriculture activities and it is well known
as a troublesome weed as well as an environmental invasive plant. The aim of this study is to
determine the frequency, coverage and density of O. pes-caprae in barley fields in Turkish
Republic of Northern Cyprus. For two years 28 barley fields were surveyed, and the
frequency of the species was 100% in 2013 and 86% in 2014. The mean values of coverage
were 85% in 2013 and 30% in 2014. These values seem to be in correspondence with the
higher rainfall recorded in 2013. A negative correlation between coverage percentage of O.
pes-caprae and density of other weeds was also found. O. pes-caprae shows a
polymorphism in their flowers. There are four type floral morphs (short-styled, mid-styled,
long-styled and sterile form) on their flower. In the area surveyed only short style type of
flowers was observed; that means no sexual reproduction occurs. But, it does not prevent
spread of plant.
Keywords: Agro-ecosystems; Troublesome weed; Barley fields; Vegetative reproduction
44
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
Abstracts session 1
P1-12
Invasive plants in Mediterranean regions
Drivers of invasion of Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle
and Robinia pseudoacia L.: a multi-scale approach
Cabra-Rivas I.1, Castro-Díez P.1, Saldaña A.1, Thuiller W.2, Valle G.1
& M. Otero de Jesús1
1
2
Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Spain
Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Joseph Fourier, France
Email (corresponding author): isabel.cabra@edu.uah.es
The influence of climate, land use and human-mediated disturbances on the present
distribution of the invaders Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle and Robinia pseudoacacia L.
was investigated at three spatial scales: at global scale (10 arc minutes grid cell), at regional
scale –Spain- (5 arc minutes grid cell) and at local scale –three riparian floodplains within
Spain- (100 m grid cell). For each species and scale we built a set of species distribution
models (SDMs)–using presence records and background samples as pseudo-absences- and
applied a committee averaging method to extract a single output. We generated maps of
their potential distribution in Spain. At the global scale, distribution of both invaders was
mainly driven by climatic factors, whereas land use and human-mediated disturbances were
less important for their occurrence. At the regional scale, land use gained relative importance
as a predictor, even though the major effect of climate still persisted. The effect of humanmediated disturbances, although positive, largely differed between species. At the local
scale, the presence of both species was primarily associated to the proximity to the river and
human-mediated disturbances gained explicatory power to the detriment of climate. Within
Spain, the most suitable areas for A. altissima are the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro valley
and the centre of the country, whereas the most suitable areas for the occurrence of R.
pseudoacacia are the northern coast and the northeastern corner of Spain.
Keywords: Invasive alien plants; Distribution; Risk maps; Scale; SDMs
45
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
46
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
SESSION 2
INVASIVE PLANTS
IN AQUATIC AND RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS
Session Chair: Jacques Haury
& Thomas Le Bourgeois
This session is sponsorised by ONEMA through the GT IBMA
(French working group on Biological invasions
in Aquatic Environments)
47
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 48
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
SESSION 2
INVASIVE PLANTS
IN AQUATIC AND RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS
Oral presentations
49
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
KEYNOTE
Invasive Plants in Irish Freshwaters:
Impacts, Control and Management
Joe Caffrey
Inland Fisheries Ireland, Ireland
E-mail: joe.caffrey@fisheriesireland.ie
As an island on the western edge of Europe, Ireland is fortunate to possess a relative
paucity of non-native species that can be deemed to be truly invasive. However, those that
have been introduced and have become established do pose considerable problems for our
unique aquatic ecosystems, for amenity exploitation in our waterways and for the Irish
economy. Foremost among these species are: Lagarosiphon major, Elodea nuttallii,
Crassula helmsii and the riparian species: Reynoutria japonica, R. x bohemica, Persicaria
wallichii, Impatiens glandulifera and Heracleum mantegazzianum. A number of other nonnative aquatic plant species that are proving to be highly invasive in other countries, even our
nearest neighbours in the UK, are present in Ireland but are not yet exhibiting invasive
tendencies or traits here. These include Myriophyllum aquaticum and Lemna minuta. Still
others have successfully established in Ireland but have either been successfully eradicated
via rapid management reaction (e.g. Ludwigia grandiflora) or have been controlled by the
inadvertent introduction of a specific biological control agent (e.g. Azolla filiculoides).
The paper will describe the impacts that selected invasive aquatic and riparian plants
have had on Irish freshwater ecosystems and the management measures that have been
implemented to control the plants and mitigate their impacts. Particular focus will be paid to
two species where significant financial and logistical resources were expended in an effort to
achieve control. In one instance, with Lagarosiphon major, a high level of control was
achieved through the development of practical, novel and highly targeted control measures.
With another species, Crassula helmsii, wide ranging and extensive management activities
failed to control the expansion of the invasive plant in the targeted watercourse. The reasons
for the success and failure with these and other plant species, and the implications for future
management, will be discussed.
Keywords: Biodiversity; Biosecurity; Long-term control; Restoration; Containment
50
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 0 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
Achene morphology affects water dispersal of the terrestrial
invasive Reynoutria x bohemica
Lamberti-Raverot B.1, Piola F.1, Thiébaut M.2,
Guillard L.1, Vallier F.1 & S. Puijalon1
1
UMR 5023 « Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés », CNRS, Université
Lyon 1, ENTPE, France
2
Herbiers de l'Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
E-mail (corresponding author): barbara.lamberti-raverot@univ-lyon1.fr
Watercourses are important vectors for plant dispersal and even more for invasive
species. Propagule dispersal along watercourses can highly enhance migration distances of
invasive riparian plant species, even for species not primary adapted to this dispersal mode.
The invasive complex of hybrids Reynoutria x bohemica Chrtek & Chrtkova highly colonises
riverbanks and produces large amounts of fertile achenes. The aim of this study was to
analyse water dispersal capacities of these achenes and the relationship between their
morphology and ability to float.
Achenes of R. x bohemica were collected from 60 stands growing along watercourses
and their floating force was measured experimentally using a load cell ballasted in an
aquarium. Morphology of 100 achenes per site was measured by principal components
scores based on elliptic Fourier descriptors.
Flotation was positively correlated to achene size (mass and surface). Floating force
corrected for achene size differed between R. x bohemica stands sampled and was
correlated to achene shape: particularly, rounded fruits had a better flotation than elongated
ones. Furthermore, achene morphologies varied significantly between rivers, suggesting that
rivers are colonized by different populations of R. x bohemica.
These results demonstrate that some morphological traits can enhance buoyancy of
fruits for R. x bohemica complex. This may constitute an adaptive advantage for water
dispersal contributing to the invasiveness of the species.
Keywords: Water dispersal; Reynoutria x bohemica; Buoyancy; Morphology; Plant invasion
51
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
Control of Acer negundo L.: insights from experimental
and physiological studies
Merceron N.1,2, Lamarque L.J.1,2, Brogniez S.3, Ducournau Y.4, Buyle S.5,
Degrave L.6, Roudie J.7, Felis O.1,2, Moreau A.1,2, Vernin P.1,2, Guengant Y.1,2,
Delzon S.1,2 & A.J. Porté1,2
1
INRA, UMR 1202 Biogeco, France
Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 Biogeco, France
3
Conseil Général de Gironde, France
4
Conseil Général du Gers, France
5
Réserve Naturelle de Bruges, France
6
Parc Naturel Régional des Landes de Gascogne, France
7
SIGV Save Gersoise, France
2
E-mail (corresponding author): nastasia.merceron@u-bordeaux.fr
Native to North America, Acer negundo was introduced in Europe during the
seventeenth century (in France around 1749, Lair 1827, Williams 2008). Largely used as an
urban tree, its ongoing invasion mainly takes place in riparian habitats; its current distribution
now extends all through Europe (Medrzycki 2007). It forms mono-specific stands
outcompeting riparian native trees (Lamarque et al. 2012), and leading to deterioration of
river banks. By ratifying the Rio Convention, France has engaged in controlling such invasive
species.
Although the most efficient control methods would consist in the use of chemicals, we
decided against these techniques as most chemical are not allowed in wetland areas. An
experimental design was settled to test ecological-friendly methods to control boxelder in
South-West France: stem-base cut, 1 m height cut, girdling and stem cut with juglone
insertion. During two years, tree mortality was assessed. Girdling resulted in the highest
mortality rates, varying from 32% to 100% according to the site, suggesting that this method
could require a longer application to reach full success in the field.
Boxelder is capable of a high plasticity in response to increased light or nitrogen
availability that promotes its growth compared to native species (Porté et al. 2011); thus it is
desirable to implement this treatment a few years before any cutting (ex. wood harvesting) or
after a natural disturbance (ex. opening due to wind storm or flooding). This could help
controlling Boxelder and preventing the development of mono-specific maple riparian forests.
Keywords: Integrated control; Riparian habitats; Plasticity; Boxelder
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 2 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
Alien plant species along watercourses in the Natura 2000 network:
a quantitative approach
Monty A., Aimont H. & G. Mahy
Biodiversity and Landscape Unit, University of Liège, Belgium
E-mail (corresponding author): arnaud.monty@ulg.ac.be
Natura 2000 is the centerpiece of EU nature and biodiversity policy. It is a European
wide network of nature protection areas aiming at assuring the long-term survival of Europe's
most valuable and threatened species and habitats. However, alien plants do not stop their
spread at the border of protection areas and invasive plants are reported to threaten aquatic
and riparian ecosystems.
Our study aimed at assessing the plant invasion threat along watercourses within the
Natura 2000 in Southern Belgium. A stratified random sampling, based on the natural region
and the size of the watershed, was conducted. 187 sections of watercourses bank were
visited between May and September 2013. For all recorded alien species, data were
collected about local abundance, competitive impacts, regeneration potential and ecological
conditions. 51 alien species were observed. Some were widespread (e.g. Impatiens
glandulifera, with 17 % of linear banks invaded) whereas others were either rare or
considered emergent alien species. Emergent species, showing low occurrence but high
impact index, are appropriate target species for early detection programs and preventive
management actions. Analyses showed that typical riparian species’ occurrence increased
with the size of the watershed, indicating propagule pressure within protected areas through
hydrochory. No link could be established between the presence of disturbance(s) and alien
species in the considered N2000 sites.
Keywords: Natura 2000; Alien flora; Neophytes; Early detection; River bank
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
Can plant soil feedback mechanisms result in complications for the
management and habitat restoration of Impatiens glandulifera?
Pattison Z.1, Tanner R.2 & A. Gange3
1
Biological & Environmental Science, University of Stirling, UK
International Development, CABI, UK
3
School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, UK
2
E-mail (corresponding author): r.tanner@cabi.org
Impatiens glandulifera Royle is one of the most widely occurring non-native invasive
species in the UK. Here we present the results of two studies that (1) evaluate plant soil
feedback (PSF) mechanisms of I. glandulifera and (2) assess the impact on native species
following a reduction in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from beneath stands of I.
glandulifera. For the first study, I. glandulifera plants were grown in preconditioned
(previously invaded) and control (uninvaded) soils. The soil and foliar microbial communities
were assessed. The results show for the first time that I. glandulifera displays a positive PSF
which alters the soil microbial community in favour of bacteria, as well as the above-ground
foliar endophyte community. In the second experiment, native plant species (Plantago
lanceolata, Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium pratense) were grown in invaded and uninvaded
soils. All native species had a higher percentage colonisation of AMF when grown in
uninvaded soil compared to the corresponding invaded soil. P. lanceolata and L. corniculatus
had a higher biomass when grown in uninvaded soil compared to corresponding invaded soil
indicating an indirect impact from the non-native species. We suggest that simply managing
invasive populations of non-native species that are weakly dependent on AMF is inadequate
for habitat restoration, as native plant colonisation and establishment may be hindered by the
depleted levels of AMF. Furthermore, increases in foliar endophytes may enhance resistance
to natural enemies, thus further accentuating the invasive properties of this species. These
changes in microbial communities could have implications for restoration and biocontrol
practices.
Keywords: Ecological impacts; Microbial community; Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; Habitat
restoration
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
Ludwigia grandiflora subsp. hexapetala (Onagraceae)
becomes an invasive weed on flood-prone meadows
in Brière marsh (Western France)
Haury J., Pottier G., Bozec M., Coudreuse J. & J.-P. Damien
Agrocampus Ouest & INRA, UMR INRA AO ESE, France
E-mail (corresponding author): jacques.haury@agrocampus-ouest.fr
Large Waterprimrose, Ludwigia grandiflora subsp. hexapetala (Hook. & Arn.)
G.L.Nesom & Kartesz (Onagraceae), is expanding on flood-prone meadows in many places,
especially in Brière marsh. Thus can we explain such expansion and what are its effects on
the biodiversity and the cattle breeding?
Our hypotheses are:
(i) that tropical plant becomes invasive due to its large ecological range, but some patterns
of distribution can appear, leading both to local risk analysis and areas to survey;
(ii) adaptations to terrestrial conditions lead to changes in biomass and plant morphology,
(iii) it has an effect on the meadow biodiversity.
Considering field research since 1998 on its distribution and local plant diversity,
phenology, biomass and distribution mapping, adaptations are summarized and
consequences for managers are underlined.
Keywords: Wetlands; Biological invasion; Ludwigia; biomass; Phenoplasticity
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
Ludwigia – a prime target for biocontrol in Europe
Shaw R.H.
CABI E, UK
E-mail (corresponding author): r.shaw@cabi.org
Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H.Raven and Ludwigia grandiflora (Michx.) Greuter &
Burdet are highly invasive aquatic weeds native to North, Central and South America, but
which are now well established in parts of Europe. Able to double in biomass in 2-3 weeks
these plants can quickly clog water bodies, release allelopathic chemicals, outcompete
native species, reduce water quality and damage fragile aquatic environments. Vast amounts
of money have been spent trying to control Ludwigia species in Europe, but with little
success in preventing the impact and spread of these weeds.
In the UK where few, small populations of L. peploides have been identified, the weed
is subject to an eradication programme in an attempt to prevent the invasion becoming as
problematic as it is in France, where chemical control measures are not permitted and
mechanical removal results in fragmentation of the plant which can exacerbate infestations. It
is clear that large scale control using traditional methods is expensive and ineffective and
that a more sustainable solution is needed.
Classical biological control is a safe and effective alternative method of control with
an excellent track record against invasive aquatic weeds. This presentation will consider the
remarkable successes of aquatic weed biocontrol and highlight the potential for biocontrol of
Ludwigia species with reference to promising natural enemies already identified in the native
range. Host range studies tailored to Europe are now required to determine the safety and
potential of these agents amongst others from the plant’s area of origin. The stage is set for
biological control to finally bring Ludwigia under control.
Keywords: Ludwigia; Biological control; Natural enemies
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
Biochemical responses of invasive plants, Ludwigia grandiflora and
Ludwigia peploides, to water and salt stresses
Barloy D., Vassaux D. & M. Gillard
UMR Ecology and Ecosystems Health – Agrocampus Ouest, France
E-mail (corresponding author): dominique.barloy@agrocampus-ouest.fr
Biological invasions are the third cause of biodiversity decline. The Water Primroses
Ludwigia grandiflora (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet and Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H.Raven
are two invasive aquatic species in France. They have important impacts, both economical
and ecological. The strategies currently used to fight their invasion revealed serious
difficulties to have an effective management.
In order to determine if these species have a better plasticity than the native species
Mentha aquatica L., water stress and salt stress were applied to the three species for five
days. Biochemical analyses have been realized to evaluate global strategies of response to
stresses and the mobilization of antioxidant pathways.
Results showed differences in the responses depending on stress and species. Salt
and water stresses impacted photosynthetic activity and proteins concentration, suggesting
that an oxidative stress occurred. To deal with salt stress, guaiacol peroxidase was mobilized
by L. grandiflora and L. peploides, while M. aquatica used glutathione reductase to scavenge
reactive oxygen species. According to the biological variables studied, the two invasive
species seem more plastic than the native one. Differential responses in favour of L.
grandiflora were noted compared to L. peploides. Their different ploidy level, higher for L.
grandiflora, can explain difference.
Other antioxidant enzymes or some reactive oxygen species could be dosed to bring
complementary results.
Keywords: Invasive water primrose; Plasticity; Abiotic stress; ROS; Antioxidant enzyme
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
SESSION 2
INVASIVE PLANTS
IN AQUATIC AND RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS
Posters
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
P2-13
Interactive image-driven identification of non-native aquatic plants
van Valkenburg J.1, Pot R.2, Boer E.3 & L. Duistermaat3
1
National Plant Protection Organization, The Netherlands
Roelf Pot research and consultancy, The Netherlands
3
Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden, The Netherlands
2
E-mail (corresponding author): j.l.c.h.van.valkenburg@minlnv.nl
Information on non-native plants has been compiled at species level including advise on
their management. However, first you need to know what species you are dealing with.
Therefore tools to facilitate their identification are a prerequisite. Focus was on species that
pose a (potential) threat to the biodiversity of the ecozone comprising northern Germany,
The Netherlands, Belgium and northwest France. Some species that might be found as
contaminant in commercial exports originating from the Netherlands are also included. This
information is now available at http://www.q-bank.eu/plants/.
Image driven, interactive identification keys are added to the information system. The
keys allow you to choose the drawing matching the character state that best represents the
plant you are trying to identify. By choosing several characters that are visible in your plant
you narrow down the number of species that match you plant. All species in the keys are
illustrated by numerous photographs and a full description of the character states for each
species is given. The keys can be used for various growth stages in a range of ‘habitats’:
seed identification of contaminants in birdfeed, weeds in bonsai plants, seedling
identification, invasive terrestrial plants and invasive aquatic plants. Image driven
identification helps to avoid misunderstandings in terminology. The interactive, multiple entry
system serves identification in the absence of certain characters, which is often the cause of
failure in dichotomous keys. The keys are linked to the species information in the database,
including datasheets, distribution maps, specimen information etc.
Keywords: Invasive species; Identification tools; Aquatic plants; Non-native plants
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 0 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
P2-14
Biology, ecology and fertility of Water Primroses
(Ludwigia grandiflora subsp. hexapetala and Ludwigia peploides
subsp. montevidensis): variability and consequences for
management in Western France
Haury J., Coudreuse J., Bozec M. & D. Barloy
Agrocampus Ouest & INRA, UMR INRA AO ESE, France
E-mail (corresponding author): jacques.haury@agrocampus-ouest.fr
Waterprimroses (Ludwigia grandiflora subsp. hexapetala (Hook. & Arn.) G.L.Nesom &
Kartesz and Ludwigia peploides subsp. Montevidensis (Spreng.) P.H.Raven) are expanding
in Western France and become fertile, depending on species, populations and sites. A
review on existing data in literature on biology and ecology of both species in Western
France is presented in a first part.
Results on fertility obtained on more than twenty populations/years are presented.
Differences between species exist: in many cases, L. peploides has higher germination rates
than L. grandiflora. Vernalisation increases much germination rates in any case, up to more
than 80%. Aquatic and terrestrial populations present small differences in the same site, but
autumn collection followed by laboratory cold exposure are less efficient than spring
collection after winter cold. Field seed production is important with more than 40,000 seeds
produced per m .
The possibility of seed dispersal when flooding exists, and we observed in situ
seedlings on some meadows. Thus fertility modifies cattle-breeder practices and all wetland
management in heavily colonised sites, with special attention paid to early stages of
establishment.
Keywords: Ludwigia; Population; Fertility; Adaptative strategy
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
P2-15
Biological response of dominant aquatic weed species on the
presence of herbicides and their metabolites in canal water
Meseldzija M.1, Bursic V.1, Vukovic G.2, Dzigurski D.1 & M. Cara3
1
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture Novi Sad, Department for Environmental and
Plant Protection, Serbia
2
Institute of Public Health of Belgrade, Serbia
3
Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Albania
E-mail (corresponding author): maja@polj.uns.ac.rs
The vegetation of canal Vrbas-Bezdan builds floating stands of ass. Nymphaeetum
albo-luteae Nowinski 1928, Hydrocharidetum morsus-ranae Van Langendonck 1935, LemnoSpirodeletum W. Koch 1954 and Salvinio-Spirodeletum polyrrhizae Slavni 1956 and the
submerged stands of ass. Ceratophylletum demersi (Soó 27) Hild. 1956. The presence of
herbicides and their metabolites in water can contribute to biological spectar (impact on
hydrophytes) and affect their biological properties, due to the adoption of their residues. The
samples for water analyses were taken from canal from the locality of Vrbas (45°34 10 N/
19°38 16 E) away from the zone of direct influences of waste waters and tributaries influx.
LC-MS/MS multi-residue method was used for the determination of 21 herbicides and the
products of their transformation with atrazine-d5 and isoproturon-d6 as an internal standard
in surface water. The detected residues of terbutilazine-desethyl and prometryn were above
the MACs while all the other herbicides detections were under MACs. The influence of their
presence in canal water was studied in aquatic species Lemna minor L., edificator of very
widespread ass. Lemno-Spirodeletum and Ceratophyllum demersum L., edificator of ass.
Ceratophylletum demersi, in the semi-controlled conditions. The quantities of photosynthetic
pigments (chlorophylls a, b and carotenoids) were higher in the measured values of the
sampled water in comparison with the control. The fresh weight of a plant, was greater in the
plants grown in the control (30.24 to 42.20%) in comparison with the sample (11.35 to
15.95%). The quantities of soluble protein had higher values of the control (grown in water
without herbicide residues) in comparison with the sample (4.0-7.74%).
Keywords: Canal water; Herbicides; Lemna minor L.; Ceratophyllum demersum L.
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 2 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
P2-16
Preliminary study on the ecological requirements
and establishment success of the Japanese hop
(Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc.) in France
Mahaut L.1,3, Reygrobellet J.-P.2 & G. Fried3
1
Université de Montpellier 2, France
SMAGE des Gardons, France
3
Anses, Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité entomologie et plantes invasives,
France
2
E-mail (corresponding author): guillaume.fried@anses.fr
Humulus japonicus is an annual vine from Eastern Asia introduced to Europe and to
the USA for ornamental purposes at the end of the 19th century. Its invasiveness is
considered high in some countries, including Hungary and the USA. In France, it is
considered as an emergent invasive species with recently naturalized populations on the
banks of the Gardon River (SE of France).
Determining the ecological requirements of H. japonicus is expected to allow
identification of the habitats most vulnerable to its invasion. This preliminary study aims to
explore the influence of dispersal and abiotic and biotic filters on the success of H. japonicus.
The cover of H. japonicus was measured in 30 2x2m quadrats arranged along the river
banks in May 2013. Propagule pressure (dispersal filter) was estimated as the number of
seedlings in early spring. Soil moisture, light availability and nutrient level (abiotic filters) were
estimated through the mean Ellenberg scores based on the vegetation composition of each
quadrat. Finally, the cover of established plants was calculated as a measure of biotic
filtering. A Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) based on species presence-absence
in the 30 quadrats was carried out, in which H. japonicus cover was added as a
supplementary variable. A permutation test was then performed to explain the DCA axes
based on the three kinds of filters.
High densities of H. japonicus were mainly correlated with high soil moisture and low
cover of other plants. Number of seedlings was also key parameter. A more comprehensive
sampling, associated with a statistical model, will allow estimation of the relative importance
of each of these variables in the establishment success of H. japonicus.
Keywords: Invasive vine; Ecological filters; riparian habitats
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
P2-17
A French working group on Biological invasions
in Aquatic Environments
Sarat E.1, Soubeyran Y.1, Dutartre A.2 & N. Poulet3
1
IUCN French Committee, France
Irstea, France
3
Office National de l’Eau et des Milieux Aquatiques (ONEMA), France
2
E-mail (corresponding author): emmanuelle.sarat@uicn.fr
The spread of invasive alien species in freshwater may cause negative impacts on
the native biodiversity, human activities and health, also resulting in significant economic
consequences. Local stakeholders face common limits, such as low public awareness or
limited access to information. In order to respond to these critical issues, a French working
group on « Biological Invasions in Aquatic Environments » was created in 2009 with the
objectives to increase management capacities by developing guidelines and operational
tools intended for managers and decision-makers. Coordinated by the French National
Agency for Water and Aquatic Environments (ONEMA) and the IUCN French Committee,
this working group brings together more than 40 experts and stakeholders involved in the
different aspects of IAS management including researchers, natural area managers, NGOs,
local authorities, etc. The working group’s activities are determined by the shared needs of
the formed network. Examples of projects include: 1) the development of a dedicated website
(http://www.gt-ibma.eu/) to provide access to information such as protocols for control,
strategies and regulations in force and others useful websites; 2) the publication of a best
practices management guide with fully detailed management experiments on aquatic
invasions; 3) the setting up of a database on introduced aquatic species in France.
The working group is an interface between different stakeholders. It improves
communication, ensures the integration and accessibility of the available information and
helps the coordination of management actions. It provides useful information for the French
national strategy in progress, by targeting the priority needs of managers in order to tackle
biological invasions.
Keywords: IAS management; Best practices; Operational tools; Guidelines; Working group;
Aquatic environments
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
P2-18
Invasive plant management coordination in France:
role of territorial working groups
Dutartre A.1, Matrat R.2, Hudin S.3, Laroche I.4 & E. Sarat5
1
Irstea, France
DREAL Pays de la Loire, France
3
Fédération des Conservatoires d'Espaces Naturels, France
4
Région Poitou-Charentes, Service Biodiversité, Eau, Emploi et Éducation à l'Environnement,
France
5
IUCN French Committee, France
2
E-mail (corresponding author): emmanuelle.sarat@uicn.fr
Invasive plant management difficulties emerged in France in the 70s, mainly in the
South-West, and gradually spread from the Atlantic seafront to Brittany. Limited interventions
on a few highly colonized sites were undertaken at the end of this same period. Several
assessments from the 80s demonstrated the breadth of the difficulties that remained
unsolved, like the necessity to coordinate efforts and stakeholders in order to maximize
actions and expenses.
For this reason, working groups allowing this coordination emerged in the early
2000s. They cover various administrative territories, from a whole river catchment like the
area of the Loire-Bretagne Water Agency, to a county in the case of the Charente, or a
region like the Pays de la Loire Committee for the management of invasive plants. Some of
these groups have been existing for more than a decade and have made possible, on their
territory scale, the collection of information and the distribution maps of invasive plant as well
as the standardization of management interventions. They have also highly contributed at a
national scale to the diffusion of information on the ecology of these species and on the
technical and organizational aspects of their management. Armed with this experience, these
working groups are now broadening their actions on invasive fauna, making use of the
existing network and underlying skills.
Keywords: Invasive plant management; Coordination; Working groups
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
P2-19
Associated insect guilds with the invasive Ludwigia peploides and
L. grandiflora (Oligospermum section) in their native range
Hernández M.C., Faltlhauser A. & G. Cabrera Walsh
Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas, FuEDEI, Argentina
E-mail (corresponding author): crishernandez@fuedei.org
The South American water primroses Ludwigia grandiflora (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet,
Ludwigia grandiflora subsp. hexapetala (Hook. & Arn.) G.L. Nesom & Kartesz, Ludwigia
peploides (Kunth) P.H. Raven, and Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis (Spreng.) P.H.
Raven (Onagraceae, Section Oligospermum), have become invasive in several watersheds
of Europe, Asia and the U.S.A.
Surveys were carried out in central and northern Argentina to find organisms that
might serve as biological control agents. More than 20 insect species were found to feed on
L. g. subsp. hexapetala, distributed in a variety of guilds, including 6 species with stem-borer
larvae, 1 species with fruit-feeding larvae, 4 species with defoliating larvae, 2 species with
defoliating larvae on young leaves and axil meristems, 1 species of cell content-feeder, and 3
species of sap-feeders. Nine of these species also have defoliating adults.
The cell-content feeder Liothrips ludwigi (Thysanoptera), and a number of stemboring weevils are promising candidates as biocontrol agents for the countries where this
plant is an aggressive invader.
Keywords: Biological control; Aquatic weed; Natural enemies
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Invasive plants in aquatic and riparian ecosystems
Abstracts session 2
P2-20
Water hyacinth and its bio-controls: South America produced the
problem and the solution
Hernández M.C., Sosa A. & G. Cabrera Walsh
Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas, FuEDEI, Argentina
E-mail (corresponding author): crishernandez@fuedei.org
Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, is one of the world’s worst weeds
because it has characteristics that gives it rapid vegetative growing, competing successfully
for light, rapid leaf changes mediated by environmental conditions, resprout from the rhizome
after winter frosts, and a high seed production with a long viability.
Water hyacinth is a South American species, so this is where the highest diversity of
natural enemies is found. The Foundation for the studies of invasive species (FuEDEI,
formerly USDA-ARS-SABCL) studies biocontrol agents and exports them from Argentina.
The most effective are: Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi (Col., Curculionidae);
Orthogalumna terebrantis (Acari: Galumnidae); Niphograpta albiguttalis and Xubida infusella
(Lep., Crambidae); Megamelus scutellaris (Hemip., Delphacidae).
Two additional specific candidates are still available: a mining fly, Thrypticus
truncatus (Diptera, Dolichopodidae), which facilitates the entrance of pathogens in the leaf
petioles; and a planthopper, Taosa longula (Hemiptera, Dictyopharidae) which produces
yellowing and decay of plants.
These natural enemies in combination attack the rhyzomes, the petioles and laminae,
affecting the energy budget and health of the plants.
Keywords: Biological control; Eichhornia crassipes; Natural enemies; Aquatic weed
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
SESSION 3
BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION & IMPACTS
OF INVASIVE PLANTS
Session Chair: Marie-Claude Bon, Pierre-Olivier
Cheptou, Elena Kazakou & Steve Novak
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
SESSION 3
BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION & IMPACTS
OF INVASIVE PLANTS
Oral presentations
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
KEYNOTE
Niche evolution and plant invasions
Sébastien Lavergne
Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), UMR 5553, CNRS - Université Joseph Fourier, France
E-mail: sebastien.lavergne@ujf-grenoble.fr
After their arrival into a novel region, exotic species must face a number of
evolutionary challenges before becoming invasive. Many invasive species adapt surprisingly
quickly to the new environmental conditions of their adventive range, such as a new biotic
context, new climatic conditions or new disturbance regimes. Thus, a key factor driving a
species' invasion lies in its genuine niche characteristics, but especially how evolvable these
characteristics are, and how different they are from the ones of native competitors. Thus, the
theory of niche conservatism (or lack thereof) provides an insightful framework to understand
how the past and contemporary evolution of the niche features of introduced species shapes
their future invasive potential. This framework allows discerning which evolutionary factors or
scenarios are instrumental to facilitate niche expansion into novel environments, where the
demographic cost of negative selection would otherwise be too high to allow population
growth – which is the fundamental cause of niche conservatism. Here I will try to elucidate
this question with empirical examples. I will show how the study of population genetic
processes driving plant invasions and the study of the phylogenetic context of plant invasions
into native communities have shed a new light into the evolutionary drivers of plant invasions.
As envisioned by Bob Holt almost 10 years ago, invasive species thus offer a invaluable live
experiment to test the theories of niche conservatism vs. lability.
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 2 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
Contemporary evolution of Senecio pterophorus DC.
in response to climate but not to herbivory
Castells E.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Toxicology Unit, Dep. Pharmacology, Therapeutics and
Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, Spain
E-mail: eva.castells@uab.cat
Divergence in plant traits and trait plasticity after invasion has been proposed as an
important mechanism favoring invasion success. Current hypotheses predict a rapid
evolution in response to changes in the abiotic conditions after invasion, or to changes in the
herbivore consumption pressure caused by a decrease in the enemies associated at the
area of origin (e.g. evolution of increased competitive ability –EICA– hypothesis). Here we
have evaluated, simultaneously, the role of climate and herbivore consumption on the rapid
geographical divergence in plant traits and trait plasticity of the exotic plant Senecio
pterophorus (Asteraceae).
S. pterophorus is a perennial shrub native from Eastern South Africa and a recent
invader in Western South Africa (~100 years ago), Australia (>70-100 years ago) and Europe
(>30 years ago). In Australia it has been declared a noxious weed subject to eradication. The
four distributional regions of S. pterophorus differ in their summer drought stress and in their
interactions with herbivores. We performed a common garden experiment with plants
sampled throughout the entire known distributional area of S. pterophorus in the native and
non-native ranges to test geographical differences in individual-level traits, leaf-level traits
and reproductive-level traits, and their plastic response to water availability.
Native and non-native populations differed in plant traits, but not in trait plasticity, in
response to their local climatic conditions. However, our results are contrary to the role of
herbivory as a selective factor after invasion.
Keywords: Adaptation; Biological invasions; Drought stress; Evolution of increased
competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis; Herbivory; Phenotypic plasticity; Plant traits
73
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
Do soil microbes matter in plant invasions? A case study from
Australia on five acacias and their associated soil microbial
communities across non-native and native range populations
Birnbaum C.
Murdoch University, Australia
E-mail: C.Birnbaum@murdoch.edu.au
Although Australian acacias are one of the most notable invaders world-wide,
relatively little is known about the role of soil microbial communities in their invasion success
both globally and locally. In Australia, acacias have also become invasive or naturalized
when introduced into novel locations across states. However, the relative importance of soil
biota, particularly beneficial rhizobial and fungal communities, in the invasion success,
remains unknown. We comprehensively examined the role of soil biota on the invasion
success of four Acacia spp. (A. cyclops, A. longifolia, A. melanoxylon and A. saligna) and a
close relative Paraserianthes lophantha in Australia. Soil and seed samples were collected
from respective five native and non-native range populations of each species across four
states (i.e. New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia). To assess
the role of soil biota on plant performance we used (i) plant-soil feedback experiment to
assess the net effect of soil microbiota on plant performance and (ii) 454 sequencing to
identify the bacterial and fungal communities in the nodules and soils. Although some
variation in microbial composition across the non-native and native populations was found,
this did not translate into improved growth in the non-native range suggesting that other
abiotic and biotic components (e.g. human imposed artificial selection, herbivory) may
contribute more strongly to the invasion success of these acacias in non-native populations
in Australia. Interestingly, we found that seed origin had stronger effect on plant performance
than soil biota.
Keywords: Plant-soil feedback; Rhizobia; Acacia, invasion, Australia
74
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
Leaf traits associated with rapid resource acquisition and growth
are greater in native than introduced genotypes of an invasive weed
Alba C.1, Endriss S.2, Norton A.2, Hufbauer R.2 & P. Pyšek1
1
Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado
State University
2
E-mail (corresponding author): Christina.alba@ibot.cas.cz
Leaf structural and chemical traits simultaneously shape plant resource-use
strategies and palatability to herbivores. For example, specific leaf area (SLA) and percent N
content are positively associated with photosynthesis and palatability, while the opposite is
true for leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and C:N ratios. Trade-offs between growth and
palatability are important in the context of biological invasions in which introduced
populations escape specialist herbivores, potentially selecting for leaf traits that maximize
resource use under reduced herbivory. In a common garden experiment we tested whether
13 native European and 18 introduced North American populations of Verbascum thapsus
exhibit genetic differentiation in SLA, LDMC, N content, and C:N ratios and assessed
whether expression of these leaf traits was altered when plants were exposed to or protected
from herbivores in the species’ native range. Native and introduced plants were genetically
differentiated for all traits even after accounting for latitudinal clines in trait expression within
each range. Native genotypes had significantly higher SLA and N content than introduced
genotypes, while introduced genotypes had higher LDMC and C:N ratios. This characterizes
native populations as having a strategy of rapid resource acquisition and growth relative to
introduced populations, contrary to expectations. Of the four traits, only SLA was affected by
herbivory, with protection from herbivores magnifying the range-level difference in SLA. Plant
performance (leaf number and rosette size) was strongly reduced in attacked versus
protected plants. Across both treatments, native plants had more leaves than introduced
plants, consistent with the findings for the leaf traits. In contrast, introduced plants had larger
rosettes: however, a strong negative effect of latitude on rosette size in native (but not
introduced) plants makes it difficult to attribute this greater rosette size to post-introduction
evolution of increased performance. Thus, on balance, our findings suggest that natives are
not intrinsically inferior competitors and indicate a role for environmental factors in shaping
previously observed biogeographic differences in the performance of natural V. thapsus
populations.
Keywords: Plant resource-use strategies; Growth; Palatability; SLA; LDMC
75
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
Saprotrophic fungal diversity and abundance during litter
decomposition of Fallopia japonica and native grassland species
Mincheva T., Masante D., Varese C., Barni E. & C. Siniscalco
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Italy
E-mail (corresponding author): mincheva.tsvetana@gmail.com
Fallopia japonica succeeds in invading different ecosystems, because of its peculiar
functional traits, especially its huge biomass production which translates into increased litter
input. Environmental conditions, litter quality and quantity, and composition of decomposer
communities, are the main factors controlling litter decomposition rate. In a field litterbag
experiment we observed that slow decomposition rates of F. japonica litter are due to its
nutritional quality: low N content, high C/N ratio. However, knowledge on how litter
characteristics of the invader are related with microbial decomposers is lacking. Therefore,
the aims of this work were to characterize saprotrophic fungal communities associated with
decomposing litter of F. japonica and native grassland litter, and to correlate dynamics of
fungal abundance and diversity to litter quality. As decomposition proceeded the overall
number of isolated taxa increased, while their abundance decreased. However, diversity and
abundance were strongly affected by litter type. No effect of microenvironment of
decomposition on fungal abundance and diversity was detected. These results suggest that
the low quality litter of F. japonica selects saprotrophic fungi. Nevertheless, what appeared
from the present study is that, most probably, not species diversity per se, but the presence
and abundance of particular functional groups drives litter decomposition patterns.
Favourable microhabitats (native litters) were preferentially colonized, but less favourable (F.
japonica leaves and stems) were eventually exploited by specific taxa. Soil legacies left by F.
japonica via increased inputs of low quality litter and possible changes in saprotrophic
mycoflora should be taken into account in eradication and environmental restoration.
Keywords: Fallopia japonica; Litter quality; Saprotrophic fungi succession; Decomposition;
C/N ratio
76
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
Mating system analysis of native and invasive populations of
medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski):
evidence for pre-adaptation during biological invasion
Novak, S.1, Prior, C.1, Rausch, J.1, Smith, J.1 & R. Sforza2
1
2
Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, USA
European Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS, France
E-mail (corresponding author): snovak@boisestate.edu
Biological invasions can occur through the introduction of pre-adapted genotypes,
post-introduction evolution, or a combination of both. With pre-adaptation, native and
invasive populations would exhibit similar patterns of character expression; whereas, postintroduction evolution is associated with differential character expression among native and
invasive populations. Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) is an annual,
cleistogamous grass species with a broad geographical distribution across Eurasia. The
grass is invasive in six states (California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah and Washington) in
the Western United States (U.S.). Previous genetic analyses point to the Mediterranean
Region, and especially Eastern Europe, as being the geographic origins for this invasion.
Using enzyme electrophoresis, we determined the mating system of nine native and ten
invasive populations of medusahead using two approaches: the Inbreeding Coefficient (F)
method and progeny array analysis. These nine native populations possess at least one of
the genotypes that match those detected in invasive populations from the Western U.S.
Using the Inbreeding Coefficient method, native populations were found to be 99.8% selfpollinating (selfing) with a 0.2% outcrossing rate and invasive populations were found to be
99.4% selfing and 0.6% outcrossing. Native and invasive populations were both determined
to be 100.0% self-pollinating (and 0.0% outcrossing), based on progeny array analyses.
These data indicate an extremely high self-pollination rate for both native and invasive
populations of medusahead. High levels of self-pollination within native and invasive
populations suggest that this selfing mating system may be a pre-adaptation contributing to
establishment success and the invasion of medusahead in the Western U.S.
Keywords: Genetic analysis; Invasive grass; Mating system; Pre-adaptation; Postintroduction evolution
77
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
Is the proportion of alien species in man-made habitats
influenced by city size?
eplová N.1,2, Lososová Z.1,2 & V. Kalusová1
1
2
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
E-mail (corresponding author): ceplova@ped.muni.cz
Plant communities evolving in urban habitats are rich in number of native as well as
alien plant species. Still little is known about how the proportion of aliens changes with the
size of cities. We assume that city size together with habitat type are among the most
important factors influencing species composition and the proportion of alien species in plant
communities.
Data sampling was carried in three types of human settlements – cities with more
than 100 000 inhabitants, towns with population between 20 to 50 000 inhabitants and
villages with less than 5 000 inhabitants. All settlements are situated in Central Europe. In
each settlement, three habitat types were chosen – paved settlement centre, residential area
and abandoned area with perennial grassland and shrubs. Plots of 1-ha size were sampled
in each habitat type by recording all spontaneously occurring taxa of vascular plants.
Recorded species were divided according to their origin as native, archaeophytes and
neophytes.
We found that total species number in studied habitats is affected by city size. The
proportion of neophytes increases with city size especially in residential areas, where human
activities serve as a source of propagules of neophytes. In contrast, the proportion of
archaeophytes is not dependent on the population size of the city. Archaeophytes are well
established part of flora of cities and their surroundings and as such they are not dependent
on the repeated human introduction to urban habitats.
Keywords: Archaeophytes; Biological invasions; Central Europe; Neophytes; Urban ecology
78
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
Genetic diversity and hybridization in the invasive Fallopia complex
in its introduced and native range
Bzd ga K.1, Janiak A.1, Ksi czyk T.2, Pawliczek A.1, liwi ska E.3,
& B. Tokarska-Guzik1
1
University of Silesia, Poland
Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
3
University of Technology and Life Sciences, Poland
2
E-mail (corresponding author): katarzyna.bzdega@us.edu.pl
The knotweed taxa Fallopia: F. japonica, F. sachalinensis and the hybrid
F. bohemica represent a unique model system for the creation of hybrids and the initiation
of evolutionary processes in an invaded range. The aim of the study was: (i) to examine the
level of genetic diversity in selected populations of Fallopia taxa (Poland, Hungary, Ukraine,
Slovakia, Japan) in relation to taxon constitution, (ii) to evaluate the number and
chromosomal location of rDNA loci, and (iii) to establish genome size and ploidy level in the
knotweed species. The results showed the presence of genetic diversity within all taxa,
including genetic diversity between individuals of F. japonica, in populations from Poland;
variation in ploidy among individuals of F. japonica and within hybrids was confirmed. Among
F. japonica individuals octoploids (2n=88; 2C=8.48pg) were the ones which dominated while
hexaploids (2n=66; 2C=6.51pg) dominated within F. bohemica plants. All individuals of
F. sachalinensis were hexaploids (2n=66; 2C=6.01pg). Chromosome identification and
emphasis on the dynamics of chromosome re-arrangements is necessary to understand the
evolution of Fallopia genomes. Hence, a characterization of the number and distribution of
ribosomal 5S and 35S rDNA loci, as potential chromosome markers in the genome in
invasive knotweeds, is in progress.
Keywords: Knotweed; Polymorphism DNA; Genome size; Ploidy level; Chromosome
identification
79
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
Maternal environment affects plasticity to salinity of the exotic
shrub Baccharis halimifolia L. invading estuarine communities
Caño L., Fuertes-Mendizabal T., González-Moro B. & M. Herrera
Department of Plant Biology and Ecology. University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU.
Spain
E-mail (corresponding author): lidia.cano@ehu.es
The invasive potential of exotic plant species in a new habitat depends on their ability
to deal with stress. While high stress will prevent the invasion, at moderate stress individual
fitness differences can have critical consequences at population level.
Baccharis halimifolia (Asteraceae) is a shrub native to North America which is
aggressively invading coastal habitats of Community interest in Southern Europe. It is a
plastic species that colonizes sea rush communities with water table salinity levels of 0-30 g
NaCl/L.
We explored the tolerance and plasticity to salinity and the role of maternal
environmental effects in B. halimifolia responses through a salinity gradient (0-20 g NaCl/L)
under controlled conditions. We measured fitness and physiological traits in plants grown
from maternal lines derived from two sites, halophytic vs. non-halophytic, from an estuary in
Spain. Differentiated local adaptation through the estuary is unlikely because this long-lived
perennial forms a monospecific continuous population of 25 years old.
Leaves of mother plants from halophytic sites showed sodium ions concentrations
two times higher than those from non-halophytic sites, suggesting environmental salinity may
affect the plant and seed physiological state. We found almost no mortality at elevated
salinity levels, indicating high salinity tolerance, but growth decreased with increased salinity.
More importantly, the plasticity of the offspring was affected by maternal environment: at
intermediate salinity maternal lines from halophytic sites flowered earlier and produced
higher biomass than those from non-halophytic sites, related to differentiated biomass
allocation and plasticity of physiological traits (sodium accumulation, stomata density, SLA).
Keywords: Baccharis halimifolia; Salt marshes; Salinity; Plasticity; Maternal environmental
effects
80
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 0 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
SESSION 3
BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION & IMPACTS
OF INVASIVE PLANTS
Posters
81
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-21
Reproductive traits associated with invasiveness in
Bidens frondosa L. by comparing with a native species,
B. tripartita L. in Japan
Hayakawa A.1, Haga M.1, Wang G.-X.1, Yokouchi S.1 & W. Li2
1
2
Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Japan
Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
E-mail (corresponding author): kokiwang@meijo-u.ac.jp
Bidens frondosa L. is an invasive damaging Compositae in Japan, where occurred its
related native species, B. tripartita L.. In this study, the reproduction features of the two
species, such as the blossom dynamic, seed setting rate and self-compatibility were
compared through direct observation and bagging method. The propagation characteristics
and the invasiveness of the alien plant were compared to its native relative. The blossom
period of B. frondosa) is longer than that of period of B. tripartita). Six main flower visitors
(Apis ceranajaponica, Eristalinus quinquestriatus, Episyrphus balteatus, Betasyrphus
serarius, Syrphus torvus and Helophilus virgatus) and up to 403 times’ visiting were recorded
for B. frondosa, while only one visitor, Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans, and only 9
times’ visiting for B. tripartita. Both species are self compatible, with higher selfing seed
setting rates and pollen viability. The seed amount of B. frondosa is far greater than that of B.
tripartita due to its much more inflorescence number per plant. The seeds of two species of
plants all have two awns with barbs at their apex. The seed width and bard number of the
awn of B. frondosa were larger than those of B. tripartita. The barbs of the awn of some B.
tripartite seed deteriorate completely, and some seeds even abandoned their awns. The
seeds of B. tripartita had lost their adhesive ability to animal hairs and human clothes
completely. It is suggested that more inflorescence number, longer blossom period, larger
flower display, higher seed yield and larger seed with more barbs are all responsible for the
invasive success and expanding distribution of B. frondosa.
Keywords: Bidens; Invasiveness; Native species
82
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 2 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-22
Extreme differences in population structure and genetic diversity
for three invasive congeners: knotweeds in western North America
Gaskin J., Schwarzländer M., Grevstad F., Haverhals F., Bourchier R.& T. Miller
USDA ARS Sidney, USA
E-mail (corresponding author): john.gaskin@ars.usda.gov
Japanese, giant, and the hybrid Bohemian knotweeds (Fallopia japonica,
F. sachalinensis and F. x bohemica) have invaded the western USA and Canada, as well as
other regions of the world. The distribution of these taxa in western North America, and their
mode of invasion, is relatively unresolved. Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms
of 858 plants from 131 populations from British Columbia to California to South Dakota, we
determined that Bohemian knotweed was the most common taxon (71% of all plants). This
result is in contrast to earlier reports of F. x bohemica being uncommon or non-existent in the
USA, and also differs from the European invasion where it is rarer. Japanese knotweed was
monotypic, while giant knotweed and Bohemian knotweed were genetically diverse. Our
genetic data suggest that Japanese knotweed in western North America spreads exclusively
by vegetative reproduction. Giant knotweed populations were mostly monotypic, with most
containing distinct genotypes, suggesting local spread by vegetative propagules, whereas
Bohemian knotweed spreads by both seed and vegetative propagules, over both long and
short distances. The high relative abundance and genetic diversity of Bohemian knotweed
make it a priority for control in North America.
Keywords: AFLP; Bohemian knotweed; Fallopia; Giant knotweed; Japanese knotweed
83
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-23
Variation in seed traits and germination potential of
Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. following its invasion in Greece
Oukhouia, F.1, Guermache, F.1, Kashefi, J.2, Fried, G.3 & M.-C. Bon1
1
USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, France
USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Greece
3
Anses, Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité Entomologie et Plantes invasives,
France
2
E-mail (corresponding author): mcbon@ars-ebcl.org
Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (silverleaf nightshade) is a deep-rooted and summergrowing perennial weed of the Solanaceae family. Introduced unintentionally from
southwestern USA to Greece on several occasions, the weed is widespread especially on
the northern part of the mainland, and is locally extremely abundant. High propagule
pressure, including both the size and number of introductions, shaped its genetic structure in
Greece and boosted its genetic diversity, a situation which could provide the potential for
increased variation in seed traits. The weed produces a large amount of seeds. We asked
whether seed production, seed traits and germination potential of this weed are different
between two populations of invasive (Greece) and native (Texas) origins. We found that
origin had no effect on the fruit diameter and the number of seeds per fruit. Contrary to the
trade-offs hypothesis, for both origins it did not appear that the allocations of resources
between seed size and number directly competed with each other. However, two phenotypic
traits differed between the two origins: Greek seeds were thicker and heavier than Texas
seeds. Whereas the germination rate was similar between both origins, the viability of nongerminated seeds was higher in Greek seeds than in Texan seeds, suggesting a higher
germination potential of the Greek seeds. We might assume that Greek seeds have a
survival advantage over Texan seeds during seedling establishment. Thus, it is more likely
that a subset of these seeds will be able to withstand some new and possibly unfavorable
conditions, increasing their ability to colonize.
Keywords: Solanum; Life history traits; Invasion; Seeds
84
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-24
The response of an invasive weed and its biological control
agent under a changing climate of CO2 enrichment:
management challenges for the future
Shabbir A.1, Dhileepan K.2 & S.W. Adkins3
1
University of the Punjab, Pakistan
Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecosciences
Precinct, Australia
3
Tropical and Sub-Tropical Weed Research Unit, School of Agriculture & Food Sciences. The
University of Queensland
2
E-mail (corresponding author): assadshabbir@yahoo.com
In this study, we used Parthenium hysterophorus L., an alien invasive weed of global
significance and Epiblema strenuana Walker (a stem galling moth), one of its biological
control agents, as a model system to suggest how invasive species and their biological
control agents will respond to climate change. Parthenium hysterophorus, when grown under
an elevated CO2 concentration (550 mol mol-1), produced significantly greater biomass,
grew taller, produced more branches and 37% more seeds per plant, and photosynthesized
at a greater rate, when compared to plants grown at an ambient CO 2 concentration (380
mol mol-1). The better water use efficiency of parthenium weed under an elevated CO2
concentration suggest the weed has a greater ability to withstand prolonged periods of
drought in the future. Epiblema strenuana significantly reduced the height, biomass and seed
production of P. hysterophorus when grown under both the ambient and the elevated CO2
concentration. In the presence of the E. strenuana, the total seed produced was 30 or 60%
less at elevated and ambient CO2 concentrations, respectively. Moreover, the moth has a
negative effect upon seed quality and 45% of seeds produced were found not to be filled.
Epiblema strenuana had the ability to reduce weed seed quantity and quality, under both the
current and a future CO2 concentration. However under an elevated CO2 condition P.
hysterophorus did produce more seeds even in the presence of E. strenuana. Manager
should be prepared for future increments in invasive potential of weeds and challenges for
biological control strategies which are a key component to integrated weed management
programs.
Keywords: Parthenium hysterophorus L.; Invasive alien species; Epiblema strenuana; Seed
production
85
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-25
Biotic homogenization of Central European urban floras depends
on residence time of invasive species
Lososová Z.
Masaryk University, Czech Republic
E-mail: lososova@sci.muni.cz
Human activities promote the introduction of alien species to new areas and lead to
changes in biodiversity. Locally the spread of aliens may increase biodiversity, but at a large
scale it may result in biotic homogenization, i.e. increasing similarity among floras of different
areas. We examined whether the flora of Central European cities is becoming homogenized
because of the spread of alien species, whether the contribution of aliens to homogenization
depends on residence time, and whether habitats under more intense human pressure are
more homogenized. Using floristic composition data from a standardized sample of 1-ha
plots located in seven habitat types in 32 cities in Central Europe, Belgium and the
Netherlands, we compared homogenization effects of archaeophytes (pre-AD 1500 aliens)
and neophytes (post-AD 1500 aliens). In total, we recorded 1196 plant species. Of them, 562
were native, 188 archaeophytes and 386 neophytes. We found that proportions of
archaeophytes and neophytes varied among urban habitats and that archaeophytes
contributed to homogenization and neophytes to differentiation of floras among cities, but in
general the spread of alien species caused differentiation. Differentiation was low in the most
disturbed urban habitats, but was strongest in moderately disturbed habitats. We conclude
that biotic homogenization depends on alien plants’ residence time. Aliens introduced within
the past five centuries are often rare, not yet having achieved their potential range; they
therefore increase floristic differentiation. Conversely, species introduced more than five
centuries ago have had sufficient time to disperse into most suitable habitats, and
consequently contribute to homogenization. Although invasions may therefore initially
increase biodiversity, they could ultimately lead to homogenization. These processes are
faster and stronger in more disturbed habitats.
Keywords: Alien species; Archaeophyte; Cities; Diversity; Neophytes; Plant communities;
Urban ecology
86
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-26
Alterations in microbial community function and nutrient
composition in ecosystems invaded by Acacia dealbata Link
Souza-Alonso P.1, Novoa A.2 & L. González1
1
Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, Spain
Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University,
South Africa
2
E-mail (corresponding author): souza@uvigo.es
A critical outcome on the invasive processes of exotic plants is the impact on soil
microbial communities and soil chemical parameters. We studied the impact of Acacia
dealbata Link on soils of mixed forests and shrublands. We hypothesized that A. dealbata
can alter soil microbial community function and soil chemical profile in the invaded
ecosystems. Two sampling dates were selected depending on the phenological stage of A.
dealbata (vegetative vs. reproductive)
Soil chemical parameters were deeply modified in the invaded sites. Total C and N,
Ca+2, total and available P, Ca+2, Mg+2, NO3- and NH4+ contents were significantly higher in
invaded soils of both mixed forests and shrublands. Soil microbial community activities were
affected by the sampling date, soil type and ecosystem. Enzymatic activities mainly varied in
soils collected during the vegetative stage of A. dealbata in mixed forests and during both,
vegetative and reproductive stage in shrublands. Soils invaded by A. dealbata showed
increased acid phosphatase, -glucosidase and N-acetyl glucosaminidase activities and the
geometrical mean of these activities. Soil basal respiration was significantly reduced in
invaded patches of mixed forests.
Our results showed an alteration of soil parameters and microbial community function
related to A. dealbata presence, probably leading to acceleration in the decomposition and
mineralization rates. Additionally, the presence of the invader had different effects depending
on the ecosystem studied. Alterations found in the microbial community function, together
with changes in soil parameters, indicated that A. dealbata produced larger modifications on
shrubland in comparison with mixed forest.
Keywords: Plant invasion; Mixed forest; Shrubland; Soil chemistry; Microbial community
function; Enzymatic activities
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-27
Study of the distribution of genetic diversity of invasive weed
Bunias orientalis L. at different scales
vingila D., Patamsyt J., Naug emys D., Tunaitien V.,
Kleizait V. & V. Ran elis
snien T.,
Department of Botany and Genetics, Vilnius University, Lithuania
E-mail (corresponding author): donatas.zvingila@gf.vu.lt
We studied genetic diversity and population structure of warty cabbage
(Bunias orientalis L.) at local, countrywide and regional scale using inter-simple sequence
repeat (ISSR) markers. B. orientalis is an invasive weed in Central Europe and the Baltic
countries. At a local scale, we assessed DNA polymorphism and age structure in single
population divided in two subpopulations along a river. We found significant differentiation
among subpopulations from the left and the right side of the river, which indicates that gene
flow is not sufficient to counteract factors causing genetic differentiation. Our results also
show that sexual reproduction predominates in the studied population and seedling
recruitment is frequent. Because of this, the population consists of young and genetically
different individuals. The aim of study at the country level was to assess the genetic structure
of B. orientalis in Lithuania and consider the impact of diverse habitats on the partitioning of
genetic diversity. The analysis of 19 populations from Lithuania revealed very high genetic
differentiation (46 %). However no impact of habitat on genetic differentiation among
populations was observed. Our study at a regional scale included 740 individuals of 40
populations from Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Poland and showed significant differentiation
among populations and among countries. However, most of the genetic variation was
partitioned within populations. Highest percentage of polymorphic loci was identified in
populations from Poland, and the lowest levels of percent polymorphic loci were detected in
populations from Lithuania and Estonia.
Keywords: Bunias orientalis; Genetic diversity; Invasive species; ISSR; Spatial scales
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-28
Intercontinental comparison of habitat levels of invasion
between North America and Europe
Kalusova V.
Masaryk University, Institute of Botany and Zoology, Czech Republic
E-mail: kalveron@tiscali.cz
In recent decades several studies on quantitative comparisons of alien species
occurrences in different habitats have revealed that habitats differ in their levels of invasion.
However, it is still unclear if the invasion patterns observed at regional scale are valid also at
larger scales. This study provides the intercontinental comparison of habitat levels of
invasion between temperate parts of North America and Europe. Native and alien vascular
plant species were identified within 4165 vegetation plots randomly selected from two
comprehensive vegetation-plot databases. For 12 corresponding habitats, the levels of
invasion were calculated as the proportion of alien species in vegetation plots assigned to a
habitat.
A positive relationship was found between habitat levels of invasion between the
continents (R2= 0.908; P< 0.001). On both continents, the most invaded habitats were alluvial
forests, riverine fringes and freshwater marshes, whereas the least invaded habitats were
mires, waterlogged and mesic coniferous woodlands. Consistent pattern of habitat levels of
invasion indicates similar mechanisms influencing the invasion in habitats despite differences
in biogeographical and socioeconomic features between the regions. Habitats with high
levels of invasion have high resource availability, frequent disturbances, strong human
impact and large alien species pool. In contrast, habitats in sparsely populated areas with
low nutrient availability, disturbance and limited pool of alien species show low proportions of
aliens. At the same time, higher proportions of alien species provided by European habitats
to North America than vice versa are reflected in generally higher level of invasion across
North American habitats.
Keywords: Alien species; Habitats; Level of invasion; Vegetation-plot database; Invasion
pattern
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-29
Reproductive potential of Asclepias syriaca L.
Popov M., Konstantinovi B. & B. Konstantinovi
Department for Environmental and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi
Sad, Serbia
E-mail (corresponding author): milena.popov@polj.uns.ac.rs
The weed Asclepias syriaca L. was first detected in Serbia in the 1920s. The plant
most frequently occurs in ruderal sites, and it has the ability to spread to adjacent agricultural
areas. Studies have been focused on its seed bank ecology, its seed germination dynamics
and the influence of the length of vernilization on germination. In 2012 and 2013, we studied
germination of A. syriaca L. seeds collected from 10 different sites. Soil samples were
collected for assessing the composition of the soil seed bank from depths of 0-5 and 5-10
cm. A portion of the seeds were exposed to room temperature and they germinated after 5
days, while other seeds were stored in a refrigerator at 3°C. A portion of the vernalized seeds
was placed into moistened sand, and another portion into dry Petri dishes. Vernalized seeds
germinated 1, 2 and 3 months after vernalization. Statistically significant differences were
detected between the percentage of vernalized seeds that germinated in moist and dry
conditions. Prolonged vernilization has a positive impact by increasing the number of seeds
that germinated under moist conditions. The seeds of this species that reach the soil decay
fast, and the species does not form a persistant seed bank. However, the production of
viable seeds in a single season can reach an average of about 1000-9000 seeds per m2. It
can be concluded that beside propagation by rhizomes, seed propagation of this species is
significant for its survival and spread.
Keywords: Asclepias syriaca L.; Seed bank; Seed germination; Vernalization
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 0 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-30
Interactions between soil microorganisms and the invasive species
Acacia mearnsii De Wild. in the north-eastern Algeria
Boudiaf I.1,2,3, Le Roux C.3, Beddiar A.1,2, Prin Y.3 & R. Duponnois4
1
LBVE, Université Badji Mokhtar, Algeria
ONEDD, Algeria
3
CIRAD, UMR LSTM, France
4
IRD, UMR LSTM, France
2
E-mail (corresponding author): imenbiotec@hotmail.com
Soil microorganisms play a key role in the terrestrial ecosystems; they directly affect
the development of plants, in a more or less significant way, depending on the plant species.
The cork oak, Quercus suber L., is one of the most important tree species in Algeria but
cork’s overexploitation has led to the degradation of cork oak forests. To restore these
degraded areas, reforestations with exotic species such as Acacia mearnsii De Wild. were
made in the 70’s. It is from this reforestation stands that A. mearnsii started to invade
surrounding cork oak trees.
We aimed at analyzing the impact of A. mearnsii introduction on composition and
functioning of symbiotic microbial communities in the rhizospheric soil of cork oak trees in the
El Kala National Park. The analysis of abundance and diversity of symbiotic microflora was
carried out by comparing a non-invaded forest soil with a cork oak forest soil totally invaded
by A. mearnsii. A. mearnsii seedlings were grown in the greenhouse on pure cork oak forest
soil for 6 and 12 months, and then replaced by cork oak seedlings. Our results showed that
soil microbial activity was modified according to the duration of acacia growth, but we did not
detect any effects of impacted soils on cork oak plant growth.
Keywords: Invasive plants; Algeria; Quercus suber; Acacia mearnsii; Catabolic activity;
Terrestrial microorganisms
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-31
Phytotoxicity variation throughout the development
of Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.
Bale entien L. & E. Bartkevi ius
Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Lithuania
E-mail (corresponding author): ligitaba@gmail.com
The invasive Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. supress and outcompete native
species in natural and semi-natural plant communities changing biodiversity and landscape.
In modern ecology the secondary metabolites are considered as significant regulatorsmediators in both a plant and an ecosystem. Therefore the study aimed at (i) evaluation of
the total phenols content (TPC), phytotoxicity, and (ii) its accumulation in different parts of H.
sosnowskyi throughout the vegetation. Additionally, the biochemical impact on perennial
ryegrass (monocots) and winter rapeseed (dicots) seed germination was assessed in
aqueous leachates ex situ.
Aqueous extracts of 2-yr old H. sosnowskyi exhibited higher phytotoxicity than 1-yr.
old plant extracts. The phytotoxic effects of H. sosnowskyi aqueous extracts on the
germination depended extract concentration (0.02-0.2%), plant age (1-year, 2-year), plant
parts (shoot: stem, leaf, blossom, seed; root) and growth stage (rosette-ripening). The plant
phytotoxicity was the most strong at flowering stage due to the highest TPC (30.42 mg ml-1).
All parts of H. sosnowskyi produced phenolics, which inhibited the acceptor-species seed
germination.
The results suggested that invasive plant species may acquire spreading advantage
in new territories through use of their allelochemicals to inhibit germination. Therefore, it is
not only H. sosnowskyi giant size, vigorous uptake of nutrients, and reproduction of high
seed yield but also biochemical activity that substantially contributes to the success of this
invasive plant. The results suggested that invasive plant species may acquire spreading
advantage in new land by using ‘novel weapons’ to inhibit germination.
Keywords: Invasive; Heracleum sosnowskyi; Phytotoxicity; Germination
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 2 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-32
Are differences between populations of Verbascum thapsus L.
explained by a shift from specialist to generalist herbivores?
Endriss S.B.1, Alba C.2, Bowers D.M.3, Hufbauer R.A.1,4,
Norton A.P.1,4 & P. Pyšek2
1
Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, USA
Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
3
CU Museum and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado,
USA
4
Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, USA
2
E-mail (corresponding author): stacy.endriss@rams.colostate.edu
Escape from coevolved specialist enemies is hypothesized to be a central driver of
invader success. Evidence for the importance of enemy escape is substantial, leading to the
important question: do invaders evolve to become locally adapted to these different enemy
regimes? To answer this question, we used a reciprocal transplant experiment to compare
22 non-native North American populations of Verbascum thapsus to 14 native European
populations. We planted two common gardens: one in non-native range in Colorado (where
generalist leaf feeders are dominant) and one in the native range in the Czech Republic
(where specialist leaf chewers and root borers are dominant). In each garden, half of the
plants were treated with insecticide to reduce insect feeding, allowing us to investigate
between-range differences in plant response to herbivory. Our results show that European
and North American populations of V. thapsus perform differently in both locations, and
support our initial prediction that populations have become locally adapted to either Europe
or North America since their initial geographic separation. However, predicted patterns of
local adaptation only become apparent when comparing within the control plants, which local
insect communities were allowed to eat. When grown in Colorado, control plants from North
American populations produced more, and larger, seeds than European populations, while
the opposite was true for plants grown in the Czech Republic. These data suggest that
populations have evolved to become locally adapted to their different enemy regimes.
Keywords: Invasion; Herbivory; Reciprocal transplant experiment
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-33
Alien tree invasion into grassland ecosystems: impacts on range
land condition and livestock production
Yapi T.1, O’Farrell P.1, Dziba L.1 & K. Esler2
1
2
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa
Stellenbosch University, South Africa E-mail (corresponding author): TYapi@csir.co.za
This study investigated the ecological impacts resulting from the invasion by Acacia
mearnsii De Wild. (black wattle) on South African rangelands, and the subsequent condition
of these environments following clearing restoration activities. We located uninvaded, lightly
invaded, densely invaded and cleared sites in a grassland ecosystem in the Eastern Cape,
South Africa, and examined the impacts of these treatments on forage quality and quantity,
and on soil resources. Invasion by A. mearnsii reduced grazing capacity by 56% and 72% on
lightly and densely invaded sites respectively, whereas clearing improved grazing capacity
by 66% within 5 years. Loss of grazing capacity during invasion was largely due to reduction
in total basal cover (by up to 42%) and herbaceous biomass (from 5200 to 1200 kg ha-1).
Subsequent clearing of invaded sites allowed both basal cover and biomass to return to preinvasion levels. Soil moisture content was found to be significantly lower on densely invaded
sites compared with lightly invaded and cleared sites. Following invasion by black wattle,
plant litter increased from 1.3 to 4.2%, the carbon content of the soil increased from 2.0 to
4.0%, and nitrogen concentrations increased from 0.1 to 0.2% in response to nitrogen
fixation by the acacia trees. Overall, these changes reduced grazing capacity, from 2 to 8 ha
required to support one large livestock unit on uninvaded and densely invaded sites
respectively. These findings provide a strong motivation both for preventing further invasions
and for clearing existing invasions.
Keywords: Acacia mearnsii; Grazing; Livestock; Rangeland
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-34
Invasive species of Bidens L. in Europe
Galkina M.A. & Y.K. Vinogradova
Main Botanical Garden named after N.V. Tsitsin Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
E-mail (corresponding author): mawa.galkina@gmail.com
Alien species of genus Bidens L. have been introduced in botanical gardens of
KW)
Europe more than once since 18th century. Herbarium collections (LE, MHA, MW,
confirm that 7 of 13 species have been successfully adapted for new conditions and
naturalized (B. aurea, B. bipinnata, B. connata, B. frondosa, B. pilosa, B.subalternans, B.
vulgata). Two species (Bidens frondosa and B.connata) became invasive in Russia.
For the last decades alien B.frondosa eliminated native B.tripartita in many plant
communities in the Middle Russia. B.frondosa characterized by faster seed’s germination
and longer ontogenesis. Individual plants of B.frondosa enter generative period, being
seriously larger than ones of B.tripartita and they have more lateral shoots and heads
(inflorescences). B.frondosa undergoes micro evolutional processes within the secondary
distribution range. At present, 8 new morpho-types and a few biotypes adapted for different
day length are detected in Europe. Therefore, we can predict widening of secondary
distribution range together with invasive status’ increase for B.frondosa.
Majority of European specimens of B.connata differ from the type variety (B.connata
var. connata) within the natural distribution range, having no ray flowers in the inflorescence,
the first real leaves less narrow than in American specimens, clearly petiolate, with less
number of denticles along the margin; denticles big and irregularly located; outer bracts of
involucres clearly phylloid, 3-6 cm long. For the first time we proved existence of two types of
hairs on B.connata achenes: duplex hairs (with long and short cells) and simple multicellular
hairs. We consider B.connata to be not dangerous for biodiversity of Russian flora for time
being.
Keywords: Alien species; Bidens; Middle Russia; Bidens frondosa; Bidens connata;
achenes; duplex hairs; Russian flora
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-35
Biomorphology of Amorpha fruticosa L. –
an invasive species for Russia
Vinogradova Y. & A. Kuklina
Main Botanical Garden named after N.V. Tsitsin Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
E-mail (corresponding author): gbsad@mail.ru
Amorpha fruticosa L. (Fabaceae) is a widely-cultivated shrub, spread from Lipetsk to
Krasnodar. About 20 years ago this species “escaped” from culture and at present time it
turns into a “transformer” within the southern regions of Russia. It can propagate both by
seeds and by root shoots on the sand and steep slopes and in the forest shelterbelts.
A comparative study of the flower’s morphogenesis in two species of Amorpha was
carried out. Qualitative traits that describe each phase of the flower development were
identified. The invasive A.fruticosa, as compared to the cultivated A.paniculata, has a higher
pollen fertility (99%), few larger pollen grains (30 14 microns), higher seed’s germinating
(50%), and a more active growth of seedlings.
The fructification of 5 specimens of A.fruticosa from Russia was studied. The
intraspecific variability of several parameters (the number of fruits, their size, the type of
pubescence, the length and shape of calyx teeth, etc.) was shown. A low variability of fruit
size (CV 7%) was noted.
Stomatal types, stomatal density, the distribution of stomata between the abaxial,
adaxial epidermis, and stomatal guard cell length was studied as well. Stomas are found on
the underside of leaf blades only, its length 15.9-28.3; width - 8.6-17.4 microns.
The chemical analysis of fruits and leaves was carried out. Several microelements
(Fe – 44.8, Mn – 34.3, Zn – 30.1, Cu – 9.3, Ni – 2.9, Co – 1.2
Cr – 0.2 mg/kg) and
flavonoids (1.24-1.55%) were determined in leaves. The concentration of these chemical
substances in fruits is lower as compared to those in leaves.
Keywords: Amorpha; Morphology; Flower’s morphogenesis; Stoma; Microelement;
Flavonoid
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-36
Alien flora of Natura 2000 sites in Greece:
species richness and site characteristics
Galanidis P.1, Dimitrakopoulos M.1, Arianoutsou G.2 & Brundu G.3
1
Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Greece
Department of Ecology and Systematics, University of Athens, Greece
3
Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Italy
2
E-mail (corresponding author): agal@env.aegean.gr
Protected areas are designed to conserve natural landscapes, to protect biodiversity
and key ecosystem processes, to provide ecosystem goods and services, and occasionally
to contribute significant economic benefits. Most studies have found that PAs contain fewer
invasive species than their surrounds. However, new forms of land use are added, and as
PAs are becoming increasingly isolated in a mosaic of human-altered landscapes, reverse
trends are frequently also reported.
In this study we assess the influence of environmental properties on alien plant
species richness. Data from 141 Natura 2000 sites in Greece, characterised as SCI, or
SCI/SPA, were investigated, and in total, 70 alien plant species from 31 different families
were found. In a generalized linear model analysis, alien species richness and various
frequency indices were used as measures of the invasibility of each site, while several site
eco-geographic characteristics were used as predictor variables. Geographic parameters
included elevation, area, perimeter and site coordinates, whereas climatic parameters
included a series of temperature and precipitation variables. The occurrence of alien species
was significantly affected by site elevation, along with site perimeter and latitude. This trend
specifies two classes of environmental properties associated with habitat vulnerability to
invasions: one bioclimatic and a second one biogeographic that are both connected to
propagule pressure and anthropogenic disturbance.
Keywords: Alien Plants; Protected areas; Habitat invasibility; Environmental properties
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-37
Invasion of Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald in E Europe:
attack of clones
Schanzer I.A.1, Dyachenko E.A.2, Kochieva E.Z.2 & Y.Y. Kulakova3
1
Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
Laboratory of Genetic Engineering,“Bioengineering” Centre of Russian Ac. Sci., Russian
Federation
3
Department of Experimental Science, All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center, Russian
Federation
2
E-mail (corresponding author): ischanzer@gmail.com
Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald is a noxious annual weed in S European
Russia and Ukraine, spreading along railways, roads, and sandy areas on the Black Sea
shore and inland. Crop fields and sea- and riverside recreation areas are equally prone to
infestation with this spiny grass. AFLP analysis of local populations of this species sampled
from Poland and Italy through Ukraine to Volgograd reveals an extremely low level of genetic
diversity. Infrapopulation variability is usually completely lacking, what probably indicates to
apomictic mode of propagation. Nevertheless, local populations from geographically
proximate localities tend to group together in NJ analysis. The results are corroborated by
the Bayesian analyses in Structure 2.2. We argue that several independent invasions to
Ukraine and Russia have occurred since the first appearance of C. longispinus in S Ukraine
in 1954. Some of them were more successful than the others, and lead to a wider spread of
putatively apomictic clones to areas distant from the original place of the invasion.
Keywords: Invasive plants; Cenchrus longispinus; AFLP; Apomixis
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-38
The complete chloroplast genome sequence of black nightshade
(Solanum nigrum L.)
Poczai P., Varga I. & J. Hyvönen
Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
E-mail (corresponding author): peter.poczai@gmail.com
Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) of Solanaceae is a plentiful and troublesome
weed of agricultural and horticultural fields and gardens. It belongs to the highly variable
group of the Morelloid clade and its closest relatives are found in the Dulcamaroid clade in
the phylogenetic scheme of the genus Solanum. Black nightshade exhibits a high level of
variability and several sub-species have been identified.
In recent years the available plastome sequence of weeds species is increasing
offering new option to weed genetics and genomics. Here, we report the complete sequence
of the S. nigrum chloroplast (cp) genome based on Illumina sequencing. The size of this
circular genome is 155,725 base pairs (bp), with an average AT content of 62.14%. It
contains 114 genes and conserved open reading frames (ycfs). Comparison with the
previously sequenced plastid DNAs of Solanaceae reveals patterns of plastid genome
evolution in the Solanaceae family and identifies varying degrees of conservation of
individual plastid genes. In addition, we discovered a region possessing pseudogenic repeats
in S. nigrum trnL-F spacer, which will provide powerful tool for population genetic analyses.
This chloroplast genome is the first sequenced weed plastome in the genus Solanum
outside Potato clade. The chloroplast genome sequence of black nightshade will provide
helpful genetic tools to conduct population studies and help to shed light on the genetic and
evolutionary mechanism of this species.
Keywords: Genome evolution; Next generation sequencing; Solanaceae; Weed genetics
99
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 100 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-39
Impact of invasive Oenothera glazioviana Micheli on the
composition and structure of a coastal dune native plant
community.
Aragón C.F. & P. Castro-Díez
Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Spain
E-mail (corresponding author): cristina.aragonf@uah.es
Invasive species are considered one of our top global conservation issues. It is well
known that these species cause negative impacts on ecological systems, including loss of
biodiversity and long-term changes in the composition and function of native ecosystems.
One of the potential impacts of invasive plant species can be the disruption of existing coevolved interactions among native species.
Coastal dune habitats, considered as priority natural habitats by the European
Habitats Directive, are particularly vulnerable to plant invasion. The spread of exotic invasive
species and their potential impacts on the structure and function of coastal dune plant
communities has been recently recognized and remains poorly explored. We assessed the
impacts of the invasive Oenothera glazioviana Micheli, an introduced species currently
spreading in the coastal dune habitats of Northern Spain, on the structure of the native plant
community. We used null model analysis to ask if there are native species that tend to cooccur or not with O. glazioviana at small scale, and whether the co-occurrence patterns
among natives differed between invaded and non-invaded habitats. We used C-Score as a
quantitative index of community organization.
Preliminary results suggest the existence of negative interactions between O.
glazioviana and certain native species, such as Euphorbia paralias, and positive interactions
with other native species, such as Ononis ramosissima. Our results also suggest that
community disassembly might be taking place in the presence of O. glazioviana at small
spatial scales. These disruption processes may have important implications for community
dynamics and functioning in invaded ecosystems.
Keywords: Impacts; Community assembly; Oenothera glazioviana; Null models
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 101 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-40
Impacts of the exotic trees Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle and
Robinia pseudoacacia L. on litter fall patterns and soil nutrients
in riparian forests of Central Spain
Medina-Villar S.1, Castro-Díez P.1, Alonso A.1, Cabra-Rivas I.1, Valle-Torres G.1,
Parker I.2 & E. Pérez-Corona3
1
Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Alcalá, Spain
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, USA
3
Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de
Madrid, Spain
2
E-mail (corresponding author): medina_villar@hotmail.com
Litterfall is an important energy transfer in an ecosystem. The quantity, quality and
timing of litterfall widely depends on the species plant community. Invasion by exotic trees
imply changes in the species composition that may alter nutrient cycle via litterfalls. Riparian
forests are hightly susceptible to plant invasion due to its mild climatic conditions, high
nutrient availability and the gaps created by human activities. We compared leaf litter
nutrients, temporal patterns of litterfall, nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) inputs and soil
nutrients between paired patches of non-invaded forests (dominated by Populus alba L. or
Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl) and forests invaded by the exotic trees Ailanthus altissima (Mill.)
Swingle and Robinia pseudoacacia L. in central Spain riparian forests. Litterfall was monthly
collected during two years (2011-2013), sorted into leaves, flowers, fruits and twigs, dried
(60°C; >48h) and weighed. Our results showed no differences in total annual litterfall, N-P
soil inputs or soil nutrients between invaded and non invaded patches. However the timing of
litterfall and N and P inputs showed additional peaks in summer in the invaded patches as
compared to the non-invaded ones. These peaks coincided with a greater summer leaf and
flower litterfall of the exotic trees than that of natives. Differences in the seasonal litter inputs
may alter life cycles of detritivores that are in synchrony with native litterfall timing and
consequently modify soil decomposition rates. Additionally, summer peaks of exotic litter
may affect seed establishment and germination of some plant species which finally may
change plant community structure.
Keywords: Nutrient cycle; Ecological impacts; Litterfall
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 102 Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Impacts of Invasive plants
Abstracts session 3
P3-41
Growth rate and seed production of Pueraria lobata (Will.) Ohwi
in southern Switzerland
Schoenenberger N., Conedera M., Morisoli R., Pron S., Rossinelli M., Soldati V.,
Sonognini L. & M. Bertossa
Museum of natural history, Lugano, Switzerland
E-mail (corresponding author): nicola.schoenenberger@ti.ch
Pueraria lobata (Will.) Ohwi, (Fabaceae, hereafter called Kudzu) belongs to the
world's 100 worst invasive alien plants, having an extraordinary growth rate of up to 30 cm
per day and the capability of significant vegetative reproduction. In the southernmost part of
Switzerland, Kudzu is present since two decades, favored by in its mild sub-mediterranean
climate. Naturalization has occurred in 33 known locations within a nearly 3’000 km2 area in
Canton Ticino. In order to study growth rate and sexual reproduction of the species, we
analyzed basic growth parameters and seed germination rate according to the ISTA protocol
under greenhouse conditions simulating temperature ranges between 10 to 25°C and 15 to
30°C at the Agroscope research station in Cadenazzo, Switzerland. Daily growth rates
resulted slightly lower (14 cm /day) compared to observations reported worldwide. On the
contrary, seed germination resulted to be considerably higher than described in the literature
so far. Depending on sample origin and age of the seeds, germination rates ranged from
28% to 88%. In the suboptimal lower temperature range, germination took longer but
reached analogous rates two weeks later. Similar to previous studies we found a relation
between seed weight and germination rate (r2 = 0.68), heavier seeds showing higher
germination rates.
Our results contribute to give a broader picture of the invasive potential of Kudzu.
Considering ongoing climatic changes, a greater attention should be given to seed
productivity and dispersal ability of the species.
Keywords: Invasive Alien Species; Reproductive Success; Germination; Growth Rate
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Abstracts session 3
P3-42
Some morphophysiological parameters of generative parts of
Lithuania populations of Himalayan balsam
Zybartaite L., Sliumpaite I., Paulauskas A. & E. Kupcinskiene
Vytautas Magnus University, Department of Biology, Lithuania
E-mail (corresponding author): e.kucinskiene@gmail.com
Since long time physiology and biochemistry of alien balsams is a subject of wide
investigations. Impatiens glandulifera Royle is an invasive plant with impressive big flowers.
Most studies are performed in Central and Western parts of Europe, till now more detailed
information about this species in more northern European countries is missing. The aim of
present study was to evaluate elemental composition of I. glandulifera flowers and to
estimate morphometric characteristics of I. glandulifera seeds and pollens collected from
various Lithuania sites differing in geography and habitats. Nitrogen concentration was
estimated by Kjeldal method. For the other element assessments plant flowers were digested
in the closed vessel microwave system. The determinations of metal (Mg, P, K, Al, Fe, Zn,
Cu, Mn, Cd, Ni) concentrations were performed by flame and graphite furnace atomic
absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of phosphorous were determined
colorimetrically. Pollen and seed morphometric parameters were estimated under scanning
electron microscope. The obtained results showed that the mean values of elements
concentrations (µg/g d.m.) in flowers of I. glandulifera were as follows: K – 3009.2; Mg –
2913; P – 295.9; Fe – 115.08; Al – 21.66; Mn – 32.52; Zn – 70.68; Cu – 10.84; Ni – 6.35; Cd
– 0.77. Measurements of I. glandulifera seed morphologic characteristics showed that the
size of seeds ranged in the interval 2.6–3.9 mm, intervals for width, perimeter, area were
respectively 1.7–3.2 mm, 7.4–11.4 mm, 3.9–9.1 mm2. Significant differences between
populations were found according to most parameters. Relations between morphometric
parameters and element concentrations will be discussed.
Keywords: Impatiens; invasion; alien plants; element; AAS
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Abstracts session 3
P3-43
Comparison of allelopathic effects of invasive in Baltic region
Impatiens and neighbouring species
Sliumpaite I., Zybartaite L., Paulauskas A. & E. Kupcinskiene
Vytautas Magnus University, Department of Biology, Lithuania
E-mail (corresponding author): e.kupcinskiene@gmail.com
One of the mechanisms explaining successful spread of invasive plants might be their
ability to generate allelopathic compounds. Impatiens parviflora and Impatiens glandulifera
are among the most spread invasive plant species in Baltic States. In present study, we
compared allelopathic effects of the leaves of I. parviflora and I. glandulifera and
neighbouring species, Urtica dioica, Phragmites communis, Galium aparine, Stellaria media,
Rubus caesius, Alnus glutinosa, Galium aparine, Epilobium hirsutum, Geranium robertianum,
Alliaria petiolata, Calystegia sepium and Geum urbanum. For evaluation of the plant effects
solutions of locally growing Juglans regia were included into experiment. Lepidium sativum is
very often used for allelopathic surveys. Seeds of garden cress were germinated in the water
extracts of listed plants. Extracts of two other invasive species, Erigeron annuus and
Helianthus tuberosus were also assessed. Initial aqueous extracts of the plant leaves were
prepared using 1 g of dried mass of the leaves, extracted in 10 ml water within 12 hour
period (further called dilution 1:10). Germination of seeds in the water was assumed as a
control (100 %). Leaf extracts of all examined species had depressive effects on Lepidium
sativum germination and architecture of the seedlings. Undiluted extracts of Impatiens
glandulifera, Epilobium hirsutum, Phragmites communis and Alliaria petiolata failed to
germinate. The extracts of Erigeron annuus and Helianthus tuberosus caused germination
ranging between 1 and 2 %, germination of Impatiens parviflora was similar to Juglans regia
and ranged between 9 and 10 %, the effects of the other species were intermediate.
Keywords: Balsaminaceae; Germination; Growth; Lepidium sativum; Community structure
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Abstracts session 3
P3-44
Population variability of weedy sunflower based
on seed morphological traits
Stojicevic D.1, Saulic M.1, Dimitrijevic A.2, Bozic D.1,
Miladinovic D.2 & S. Vrbnicanin1
1
2
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia
Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Serbia
E-mail (corresponding author): michule87@gmail.com
During 2013, five weedy sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) population were observed
at locations across Southern Srem and Southern Banat (Serbia). At each site, twelve plants
were studied and three flower heads were collected from each plant at maturity. Eleven
morphological traits of weedy sunflower seeds were observed and analyzed (colour of seed,
presence of dots and strips, colour of the strips, strip position, seed shape, seed length,
width and thickness, mottling of the seed and length of the hairs).
Seed length was between 5.3 and 6.3 mm, width between 2.4 and 3.0 mm while the
thickness of seeds ranged from 1.37 to 1.59 mm. Gray colour of seeds was most common
(60% of the total), followed by brown (20%), black (10%), white (8%) and red (2%).
Generally, seed shape was ovoid with greater or lower presence of hairs and dots depending
on the population, while the hair length ranged from 288 to 392 m.
Observed populations expressed major variability in monitored traits, which was
confirmed using t-test. Plants from the three sites had traits that are closer to volunteer
plants- such as the lower mottling of the seed (on a scale 1-3), greater length, width and
thickness of the seed. At the other two sites the plants were characteristically similar to the
sunflower wild type (smaller sized seeds).
Keywords: Population variability; Weedy sunflower; Seed parameters
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Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
SESSION 4
INVASIVE PLANT MANAGEMENT:
BIOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATED CONTROL
Session Chair: Paul E. Hatcher,
Mounir Mekki & René Sforza
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Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
SESSION 4
INVASIVE PLANT MANAGEMENT:
BIOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATED CONTROL
Oral presentations
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Abstracts session 4
KEYNOTE
Integrated Weed Management: the use of biological control of
weeds in agricultural and natural environments
Massimo Cristofaro1, Lincoln Smith2 & Joe Di Tomaso3
1
ENEA C. R. Casaccia UTAGRI-ECO, Italy
USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
3
University of Davis, CA, USA
2
E-mail (corresponding author): massimo.cristofaro.cas@enea.it
Biological control of weeds, in the assumption of “a deliberate use of natural enemies
to reduce the density of a particular weed to a tolerable level”, is generally considered as an
alternative to traditional management approaches, based on the use of chemical and/or
agronomic methods. Moreover, the objective of biological weed control is not eradication but
simply the reduction of the weed population to an economically low level: small populations
of the weed must always be present to assured the survival of the associated biological
control agents.
Vice versa, the goal of an integrated weed management system (IWM) is to integrate
biological control approaches, strictly correlated to long-term effects in time and space, with
more immediate and localized strategies, finalized to a prompt and confined suppression of
weed populations through multidisciplinary methods, associated with a prompt restoration
with native plants species.
Weed management can be separated into 2 distinct categories: broad –spectrum vs.
narrow-spectrum actions, both extremely important when considering the development and
implementation of IWM strategies in divergent habitats such as rangelands and cultivated
fields.
The achievement of a prolonged suppression of target weeds populations in a
specific agro-ecosystem, it is also depending on quality of existing habitats, water and other
natural resources.
In a framework of a sustainable agriculture and environmentally friendly issues, an
Area-Wide territorial strategy in Integrated Weed Management is evaluated, taking under
consideration combinations and eventual synergisms between biological control methods
and mechanical, chemical and biotechnological management practices, applied throughout
the growing season.
Keywords: Biological control; Integrated weed management; Sustainable agriculture
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Abstracts session 4
LIFE+ Project Estuaries of the Basque Country: Baccharis
halimifolia L. management and monitoring in the Atlantic coast
Beteta E.1 & M. Rozas2
1
2
Ihobe, Environmental Management Public Society, Basque Government, Spain
Department of the Environment and Territorial Policy, Basque Government, Spain
E-mail (corresponding author): estela.beteta@ihobe.net
Baccharis halimifolia L. invades subhalophilus sea rushes, reedbeds, salt prairies and
coastal heathlands in the Atlantic coast of France and Spain. From 2010 to 2014 the Basque
Government performed a LIFE+ project in three estuaries of the Basque Country (Spain)
where more than 300 hectares of the invasive shrub were removed combining different
mechanical and chemical methodologies. A monitoring plan was implemented to measure
the impact and effectiveness of the project. 45 permanent plots and 164 transects were set
up, where data as resprouting, number of seedlings and cover of native species were
collected. After three years of monitoring, the results show different responses of the invasive
species according to the characteristics of the invaded environment. They also show that
native habitats are recovering the invaded area, especially in the main invaded estuary, the
Biosphere Reserve of Urdaibai. There, the 40% of the invaded area have been covered by
reedbeds of Phragmites australis, 18% by sea rushes of Juncus maritimus and 9% by salt
prairies of Elytrigia atherica. These are important habitats for protected birds
as Acrocephalus paludicola and others. However, B. halimifolia is still resprouting in some
areas. In the other two estuaries there has been no regrowth, but very high seed
germination. The learning’s from this project have been compiled into a management
handbook that has been worked in a multidisciplinary and international group composed of
experts and managers of the affected regions in the European Atlantic coast.
Keywords: Baccharis; LIFE+; Estuaries; Monitoring; Handbook
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Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
The combined effects of defoliation by a biological control insect
and a suppressive fodder plant upon the growth reproductive
potential of invasive parthenium weed
Shabbir A.1, Dhileepan K.2 & S.W. Adkins3
1
University of the Punjab, Pakistan
Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecosciences
Precinct, Australia
3
Tropical and Sub-Tropical Weed Research Unit, School of Agriculture & Food Sciences. The
University of Queensland, Australia
2
E-mail (corresponding author): assadshabbir@yahoo.com
Parthenium hysterophorus L. is an invasive plant species native to South and Central
America that has become a significant problem of natural and agricultural ecosystems
around the world. In Australia, 11 biological control agents have been released since 1980s
to manage this weed. Some agents have a significant impact upon weed populations but not
all agents have established throughout the range of this weed in Queensland where it is still
a problem in pasture production regions. The supplementary management is therefore,
required to complement the classical biological control. Under shadehouse conditions, we
tested the combined effect of a leaf feeding beetle (Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister) and a
suppressive pasture plant, butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) upon the growth and
reproductive potential of P. hysterophorus. Clitoria ternatea was found to suppress the
growth of weed, both in the presence and in the absence of Z. bicolorata, However, its
suppressive ability, as measured by the suppressive index, was greater in the presence of Z.
bicolorata then in its absence. Clitoria ternatea alone reduced the biomass and height of
weed by 34% and 15% however when Z. bicolorata was present the biomass and height of
parthenium weed were further lowered by 49% and 37%, respectively. Similarly, butterfly pea
alone reduced the total seed production up to 54% and 95% when Z. bicolorata was added.
Interestingly, Z. bicolorata alone reduced the seed production up to 90%. The results suggest
that the biological control agent can work additively with suppressive pasture plant to bring
about enhanced management of parthenium weed.
Keywords: Zygogramma bicolorata; Plant
hysterophorus; Integrated weed management
112
competition;
Herbivory;
Parthenium
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Abstracts session 4
Ecology and biological control of Blackberry:
an unexpected result from south western Australia
Scott J.K. & P.B. Yeoh
CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Australia
E-mail (corresponding author): john.k.scott@csiro.au
We have assessed over ten years the ecology and biological control of alien invasive
blackberries of European origin (Rubus anglocandicans A.Newton and other Rubus species
included in the Rubus fruticosus complex) in the biodiversity hot spot of south west Australia.
Blackberries in this part of Australia are mainly found along river banks where they cause
about a 50% loss of biodiversity. In 2004 new strains of the biological control agent, the rust
fungus Phragmidium violaceum originally collected from a trap garden near Montpellier,
France, were released, but without improved control. However, the most dramatic impact
was the discovery of a new disease complex, called blackberry decline. First observed in
2007, the decline syndrome is only recorded from R. anglocandicans and currently is
restricted to the Warren and Donnelly catchments in Western Australia. The disease is
associated with Phytophthora species (including the new species P. bilorbang). Riparian
zones along river valleys, about 100 m wide, were previously filled with an impenetrable
understorey of blackberries to 3 metres high. The decline disease devastates the blackberry
populations with only a few plants remaining. We report on progress towards identifying the
causes of blackberry decline and the results of the measurement of impact on blackberry
populations. The removal of blackberry potentially opens the riparian environment to other
invasions and an ecosystem restoration project has started. Part of the ecosystem
restoration project includes quantifying the effects of grazing, shading and revegetation,
assessing the ecology and longevity of blackberry seeds, and studies of the disease
complex.
Keywords: Biological control; Blackberry; Ecosystem restoration; Phytophthora; Riparian
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Abstracts session 4
Dispersal, impact and use of three fortuitously-arrived parasites in
the control of invasive exotic plants in Valencia
Deltoro V., Torres C., Pérez P. & J. Jiménez
Wildlife Service, VAERSA-Generalitat Valenciana, Spain
E-mail (corresponding author): invasoras@gva.es
Two of the most widespread invasive species of the Valencia region (Spain), Opuntia
maxima Mill. and Agave americana L. and the recently arrived Azolla filiculoides Lam. are
seeing their populations visited by fortuitously arrived parasites presumably: Dactylopius
opuntiae
(Hemiptera;
Dactylopidae),
Scyphophorus
acupunctatus
(Coleoptera;
Curculionidae) and Stenopelmus rufinasus (Coleoptera; Curculionidae), respectively. The
three insects have had different impacts on host plants and progressed at different rates
across the territory. S. rufinasus has colonised 6 wetlands in less than 1 year along a coastal
strip of 80 km and curbed A. filiculoides populations from 16 occupied ha to a relictual
presence. D. opuntiae invasion has progressed at a rate of 30km per year since 2009,
leading O. maxima to local extinction. Finally, S. acupunctatus shows the lower rate of
dispersal, despite the flying ability of adults. Nevertheless, the mortality of infested plants is
high. The regional government of Valencia has started to use D. opuntiae for the control of
the biggest infestations of O. maxima, located in the coastal sandstone natural parks of
Calderona and Espadán. In the latter park D. opuntiae has been introduced at two sites in
June 2013. Results show an initial expansion rate of 5 m per month with evidence of clear
visual damage (chlorosis and necrosis) within 6 months. Further introductions will be carried
out during 2014. The use of D. opuntiae represents the only possibility to control O. maxima,
which is the worst invasive species of sandstone areas and one of the biggest conservation
threats for these habitats.
Keywords: Dactylopius; Stenopelmus; Scyphophorus; Opuntia; Agave; Azolla; Biological
control
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Abstracts session 4
Status of biological control projects in California
on terrestrial invasive alien weeds
Smith L.1, Pitcairn M.2, Moran P.1, Bruckart W.3 & M. Cristofaro4
1
Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, USDA-ARS, USA
Integrated Pest Control Branch, California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, USA
3
Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, USA
4
ENEA C.R. Casaccia UTAGRI-ECO, Italy
2
E-mail (corresponding author): Link.smith@ars.usda.gov
At least 33 invasive alien weed species have been targeted for biological control in
California, primarily in regions that have a Mediterranean climate. These weeds originated
mostly from Europe and western Asia. Species that have been successfully reduced include:
Carduus nutans (musk thistle), Centaurea diffusa and C. squarrosa (diffuse and squrarrose
knapweeds), Chondrilla juncea (rush skeletonweed), Hypericum perforatum (St. Johnswort),
Salvia aethiopis (Mediterranean sage), Senecio jacobaea (tansy ragwort), and Tribulus
terrestris (puncturevine). Research is ongoing for: Acroptilon repens (Russian knapweed),
Arundo donax (giant reed), Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle), Crupina vulgaris
(common crupina), Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom), Delairea odorata (Cape-Ivy), Genista
monspessulana (French broom), Linaria dalmatica (Dalmatian toadflax), Onopordum
acanthium (Scotch thistle) and Salsola tragus (Russian thistle). Fifty-eight agents (including
insects, mites and rust fungi) have been permitted for introduction, of which at least 36 have
been released and 29 are well established.
Keywords: Biological control; Invasive alien weeds; California
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Abstracts session 4
Is biological control a solution to the international impacts of South
African fireweeds; Senecio madagascariensis and S. inaequidens?
Sheppard A.1, Ramadan M.2, Olckers T.3 & K. Harvey3
1
Australian Department of Agriculture, CSIRO, Australia
Hawaiin Department of Agriculture, USA
3
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
2
E-mail (corresponding author): Andy.Sheppard@csiro.au
South African Senecio spp. Senecio inaequidens DC. and Senecio madagascariensis
Poir. (Fireweed, Seneçon du Cap) are internationally important weeds in Europe,
Australasia, and the Hawaiian Islands spread around the world on the sheep’s back. They
cause major impacts to grazing land and upland grasslands used for grazing and are also a
significant weed of perennial horticulture and roadsides. Both weeds are very similar really
only being distinguishable easily by genetic sequencing. Both come from the KwaZulu-Natal
region of South Africa where the genus is still evolving. The first is a more high altitude over
1000m and the second is more Mediterranean/subtropical and more of an annual in habit.
Hawaii and Australia have been undertaking a biological control program for some time on
these weeds with various levels of success. This paper reviews these efforts and considers
the value feasibility and likelihood of success of this approach for managing the weed
globally including in Europe.
Keywords: Senecio; Weed management; Biological control feasability
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Abstracts session 4
Biocontrol of South American aquatic weeds: international
cooperation and in situ agent assessment in Argentina
Cabrera Walsh W. & J.A. Briano
FuEDEI –Foundation for the Study of Invasive Species, Argentina
E-mail (corresponding author): gcabrera@fuedei.org
Many of the most problematic aquatic weeds in the world are native to the main South
American water catchments: the Orinoco, Amazonas and Paraná/La Plata basins. The
FuEDEI, in Hurlingham, Argentina (formerly USDA-ARS-SABCL) has a long-standing history
of research on many of these weeds, including waterhyacinth, cabomba, Brazilian elodea,
alligator weed, floating pennywort, waterlettuce, Azolla, giant salvinia, and water primroses.
Currently, selecting biocontrol agents for weeds presents more challenges than the mere
determination of specificity. In this talk we show some of the most interesting problems faced
by our scientists in dealing with some of these challenges. Biogeography and genetic studies
of alligator weed have been taken on to determine factors behind the suitability of some of its
natural enemies. Field ecology studies have allowed us to determine the key natural enemies
and abiotic factors behind population fluctuations of Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa Planch.)
and floating pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f.). The feeding impact of two sapsucking insects, one of waterlettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.), and another of waterhyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) was evaluated in semi-field conditions. The probable
interaction between the waterlettuce sap-sucker and another biocontrol agent
(Neohydronomus affinis) was also assessed in the field. With these experiments we sought
to give answers to some of the most pressing problems in biocontrol science: is an agent
specific? If it is, will it adapt to the invaded area? If it does, will it produce an impact on the
target weed? And finally, how will it interact with other biocontrol agents already present in
the environment?
Keywords: Weed biocontrol; Agent selection; South American weeds
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Abstracts session 4
Biological control of non-native weeds in Europe:
a piggy-back ride into the future
Djeddour D., Jones K., Pratt C., Seier M., Shaw R., Varia S. & S. Wood
Invasive Species Management, CABI Europe, UK
E-mail (corresponding author): k.jones@cabi.org
Over the last decade classical biological control (CBC) has received increased
attention in Europe. CBC constitutes an environmentally friendly, sustainable and less labour
intensive approach than methods of manual or chemical control, the latter often being
unacceptable in riparian systems. Regulatory drivers for biocontrol include the Sustainable
Use Directive which promotes non-chemical alternatives to pest management, the Water
Framework Directive requiring all waterbodies to reach “good ecological status” and the
imminent Invasive Species Regulation.
The release of the psyllid, Aphalara itadori, against Japanese knotweed, Fallopia
japonica, in 2010 marked the first ever official classical biocontrol release against an invasive
weed in Europe. However, “inundative classical” biological control is common practice in the
UK against the highly invasive water fern, Azolla filiculoides, using the weevil Stenopelmus
rufinasus with great success. These projects are both highly applicable to Europe, indeed S.
rufinasus is already present in a number of countries in western Europe offering the potential
for augmenting weevil populations for Azolla biocontrol.
This presentation will review the situation of aquatic and riparian weeds being
targeted focussing on progress with Japanese knotweed and outlining collaboration success
with North America where an application for release of the psyllid is receiving favourable
reviews. Recent work for the Netherlands on knotweed piggy-backed the UK programme
clearly demonstrating the potential for European collaboration in more enlightened countries.
Potential future target invasive weeds will also be considered, including Ludwigia sp. which is
well established in parts of Europe and Solidago sp.
Keywords: Classical biological control; Europe; Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica),
Floating water fern (Azolla filiculoides); Aphalara itadori; Stenopelmus rufinasus
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Abstracts session 4
SESSION 4
INVASIVE PLANT MANAGEMENT:
BIOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATED CONTROL
Posters
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Abstracts session 4
P4-45
Preventing plant invasions during grassland restoration:
resource-driven suppression by competition
with small- and large-seeded seed mixtures
Yannelli F. & J. Kollmann
Chair of Restoration ecology, Technische Universität München, Germany
E-mail (corresponding author): Florencia.yannelli@tum.de
The invasion of alien species contributes to ecosystem degradation and complicates
efforts to restore degraded systems. The design of communities resistant to invasive alien
species (IAS) plays a key role for restoration. One important aspect determining the biotic
resistance of the target community is related to the “limiting similarity” theory, which predicts
that IAS will be unlikely to establish if there are natives with similar traits present. This study
focused on the early stage of restoration; here seed size was the most suitable trait because
it is correlated to the amount of resources in the seed, to seedling size and relative growth
rate. Additionally, we analyzed if relative seed density of native species affected biotic
resistance. A greenhouse experiment with two treatments was devised, i.e. community seed
mass (small and large), seeding density (high and low), invaded by a large- or small-seeded
IAS (Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Solidago gigantea). The results showed that small-seeded
native mixes at high density were effective in suppressing both large and small-seeded IAS,
due to the effect of higher density of individuals and thus competition for resources and
space. Seed size trait was not decisive in terms of suppression as the experimental design
showed only density-dependent suppression, and differences in seed size of the IAS were
only visible the first 2 months translating into tall plants of Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Future
study should include additional plant traits that might contribute to competitive interactions
during establishment of IAS.
Keywords: Biotic resistance; Integrated management; Habitat restoration; Ambrosia
artemisiifolia; Solidago gigantea
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 120 Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-46
Molecular genotyping as a tool to manage invasive ryegrass
(Lolium spp.) in South Africa
Nienaber H. & S.L. Sydenham
Agricultural Research Council, Small Grain Institute, South Africa
E-mail (corresponding author): deweth@arc.agric.za
Ryegrass (Lolium spp.) is an invasive weed of small grain production areas of the
Western Cape, South Africa. Ryegrass hampers effective and profitable crop production.
Recently a number of weed resistance cases have been studied at the DNA level. The
primary advantage of DNA-based tests for herbicide resistance is a yes/no answer for a
specific mutation which confers resistance to a particular group of herbicides with the same
mode of action and can be obtained within 48 hours. The aim of this study was to screen a
number of ACCase and ALS codon amino-acid substitution mutations to determine if PCRbased tests can be used to speedily and accurately identify herbicide resistance in invasive
ryegrass in the South African wheat industry. DNA extracted from green leaf material was
quantified, followed by dCAPS PCR and specific restriction enzyme digests. Samples were
run on a 2% Agarose gel at 100 volts for three hours. Digital photos were taken and allele
sizes visually compared and scored against a 100bp molecular weight ladder. The two most
occurring mutations identified were the ALS 197 mutation, which confers high levels of
resistance to sulfonylureas and triazolopyrimidines and low levels of resistance to
imidazolinones and the ACCase 2078 mutation, which confers resistance to all
aryloxyphenoxypropionates herbicides and all cyclohexanedione herbicides (including
Clethodim). Research concluded that the PCR-based test for detecting ACCase and ALS
herbicide resistance in ryegrass is proving to be fast and accurate in determining the
resistance status of invasive ryegrass biotypes.
Keywords: Lolium; Herbicide resistance; ACCase
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Abstracts session 4
P4-47
Potential for active integration of chemical and biological control
tactics for control of waterhyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes
Tipping P.W.
USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, USA
E-mail (corresponding author): philip.tipping@ars.usda.gov
Waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) is the most intensively managed
floating aquatic weed in Florida, USA, primarily through applications of herbicides like 2,4-D.
Approximately $3.4 million US was spent in Florida during 2011-2012 to conduct
maintenance control of floating aquatic weeds in public waters. Thus, even a small reduction
in the amount of herbicide needed for maintenance control of waterhyacinth could represent
significant long-term savings for Florida resource managers. The additive effects of chemical
and biological control on waterhyacinth were evaluated using two levels of insect biocontrol:
1. Control (no biocontrol agents) and 2. Biocontrol (unrestricted herbivory by Neochetina
eichhornia Warner (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), N. bruchi (Hustache) (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae), and Megamelus scutellaris Berg (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), with three rates
of 2,4-D: 1. Control (no herbicide), 2. Low rate (2.1 kg ha-1 a.e.), and 3. Operational rate (4.3
kg ha-1 a.e.). The experimental design was a 2 x 3 full factorial with five replications arranged
in a completely randomized design. Testing was conducted in 30 uncaged concrete
mesocosms (surface area 1.6 m2) at the USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Lab in Davie,
Florida. Initial results indicated that plant populations sprayed at both rates of 2,4-D
recovered quickly in the absence of herbivory by the biological control agents, but not when
biological control agents were present. In the latter case, the low rate of 2,4-D was as
effective as the high rate.
Keywords: Neochetina eichhornia; Neochetina bruchi; Megamelus scutellaris; 2,4-D;
biocontrol
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 122 Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-48
The biological control of Impatiens glandulifera Royle using the rust
pathogen Puccinia komarovii var. glanduliferae
Tanner R., Ellison C., Varia S. & K. Pollard
International Development, CABI, UK
E-mail (corresponding author): r.tanner@cabi.org
Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera Royle) is a highly invasive annual herb,
native to the western Himalayas, which has spread rapidly throughout Europe since its
introduction as a garden ornamental. The plant can rapidly colonise riparian systems, damp
woodlands and waste ground where it reduces native plant diversity, retards woodland
regeneration, outcompetes native plants for space, light and pollinators and increase the risk
of flooding. Current control methods are fraught with problems and often unsuccessful due
to the need to control the plant on a catchment scale. Since 2006, CABI and our
collaborators have surveyed populations of Himalayan balsam throughout the plants native
range (the foothills of the Himalayas, Pakistan and India) where numerous natural enemies
have been collected and identified. Agent prioritisation, through field observations and host
range testing has narrowed the potential candidates down to the rust pathogen, Puccinia
komarovii var. glanduliferae. This autoecious, monocyclic pathogen shows great promise,
not only due to its impact on the host but also due to its high specificity as observed in the
field and preliminary host range testing. The aecial stage infects the hypocotyl of young
seedlings as they germinate through leaf litter containing teliospores. This initial infection
severely warps the structure of the developing plant
This paper will review the research conducted to-date, including a molecular
comparison of P. komarovii var. glanduliferae with other closely related species, the life cycle
and infection parameters of the rust, its host specificity, and an up-date on the current
situation regarding the potential release of this biocontrol agent.
Keywords: Himalayan balsam; Biocontrol; Host range testing; Lifecycle evaluations
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 12 Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-49
The role of gall formers as biological control agents of the broadleaved paperbark tree Melaleuca quinquenervia in Florida (USA)
Purcell M.1, Pratt P.2, Makinson J.1, Brown B.1, Davies K.3, Taylor G.4,
Giblin-Davis R.5 & S. Scheffer6
1
USDA ARS Australian Biological Control Laboratory, Australia
USDA ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, USA
3
Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, and School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Australia
4
Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, and School of Earth and
Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia
5
Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, USA
6
Systematic Entomology Lab, USDA-ARS, USA
2
E-mail (corresponding author): matthew.purcell@csiro.au
The Australian broad-leaved paperbark tree, Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.)
S.T.Blake, is a serious weed in wetland systems of Florida USA. This tree was introduced in
the late 1800’s as an ornamental and greatly expanded its range causing significant
environmental and economic damage. It also threatened environmentally sensitive areas
such as the Florida Everglades whose habitat was highly favourable to the rapid growth of M.
quinquenervia. In 1984 a classical biological control program commenced to find agents in
the native range of this tree along the east coast of Australia. Among more than 450 insect
species that were found to feed on M. quinquenervia and its close relatives, gall formers
were discovered that damaged mature trees, saplings and seedlings. Cecidomyiidae and
Fergusoninidae flies, gall-forming Eriococcidae scales and Eriophyiidae mites were all
evaluated for their potential as biological control agents. The fly, Fergusonina turneri, which
forms galls in a mutualistic association with nematodes, was released in 2005 but failed to
establish after multiple attempts. The stem-galling fly Lophodiplosis indenata (Diptera:
Cecidomyiidae) was released in 2008 and rapidly established causing extensive damage,
particularly to sapling and seedlings, and has contributed to the successful control of M.
quinquenervia. Another three Lophodiplosis species are being evaluated in case further
control measures are required.
Keywords: Biocontrol; Florida Everglades; Gall formers
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 12 Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-50
The effect of temperature on several aspects of the biology of
Eccritotarsus catarinensis, a biological control agent for water
hyacinth in South Africa
Ismail M., Compton S. & M. Hill
Zoology and Entomology Department, Rhodes University, South Africa
E-mail (corresponding author): Mohannadsyr@hotmail.fr
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms), which is widely distributed from
its origin in South America throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is the
most damaging aquatic weed. The bug Eccritotarsus catarinensis Carvalho (Hemiptera:
Miridae) has been released as a biological control agent against water hyacinth in South
Africa.
The effectiveness of weed control agents is often influenced by local temperatures,
which can determine both their distribution and performance. We evaluated the responses of
E. catarinensis to three constant temperatures (20, 25 and 30ºC) using a laboratory culture of
insects that originated from Peru and reared at 25ºC. Development time, longevity,
reproductive output and sex ratios were recorded at each temperature for two consecutive
generations.
Development time was faster at 30ºC. Adult longevity and reproductive output were
significant reduced at 30ºC comparing with 25 and 20ºC in the two successive generations.
In contrast, sex ratio was not affected at 30ºC. Second generation individuals reared at 20
and 25ºC performed as well as those from the first generation. In contrast, few adults that
had developed at 30ºC laid eggs that hatched.
In conclusion, E. catarinensis presented different phenotypes depending on
temperature. We demonstrated the capacity of some individuals to adapt to the extreme
temperature, however, this adaptation accompanied with decrease in fitness traits and may
reduce the efficacy of biological control program.
Keywords: Biological control; Eccritotarsus catarinensis; Temperature; Water hyacinth
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 12 Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-51
Growth and physiological changes in Amaranthus deflexus L.
seedlings due to herbicides and water stress
Fontes L.O., Oliveira A.B., Silva I.N. & M.F.Q. Lopes
Department of Crop Science, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
E-mail (corresponding author): alexandrebosco@ufc.br
The research aimed to evaluate the influence of water deficit on growth
of Amaranthus deflexus L. after application of herbicides with different modes of action. The
experimental design was completely randomized. Treatments were a factorial combination of
five herbicide treatments (2,4-D, Diuron, Nicosulfuron, Glyphosate and control ‘water’) and
three soil moistures (100%, 60% or 30% of field capacity), with four replicates. The
treatments were assessed at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days after the treatments (DAT) according to
their efficacy, plant height and stem diameter. Herbicides were the most effective at severe
water stress at 4 DAT. The herbicides 2,4-D, Glyphosate, Diuron and Nicosulfuron were
efficient in controlling Amaranthus deflexus in all water conditions. The Diuron has just
increased the degradation of chlorophyll a and b. There was a decrease on growth
quantitative parameters due the application of herbicides and interaction with water stress.
Keywords: Pigweed; Osmotic adjustment; Antioxidant enzymes
126
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 12 Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-52
Europe: a generous provider of weeds for Australia
Thomann T.1, Vitou J.1, Sheppard A.2 & M. Jourdan1
1
2
CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences European Laboratory, France
Australian Department of Agriculture, CSIRO, Australia
E-mail (corresponding author): Andy.Sheppard@csiro.au
Among the 2912 naturalized alien plants species in Australia, 1050 (36%) are native
to Europe, the 3rd largest source continent after Africa and Asia. A small fraction of those
plants introduced from Europe have caused major problems in their new range in Australia
because of the similarity of the climate and the lack of natural enemies.
Many of southern Australia's most important agricultural weeds are of European origin
(e.g. Lolium rigidum, Raphanus raphanistrum) and cause over A$2 Billion of costs each year
in crop and pasture production losses. Similarly some of those European invasive plants are
important environmental weeds (e.g. Cytisus spp.) that dominate some native ecosystems in
the Australian National Parks.
In response to these impacts, CSIRO European Laboratory in Montpellier has
organized explorations in Europe throughout the geographic distribution of the European
plants, mainly in Mediterranean areas, in order to select the specific biological control agents
for introduction into Australia to try to suppress these weeds. From 1970 to 2006, 35 insects
and 4 fungi species selected as biological control agents were introduced into Australia
following rigorous risk assessment against the targeted European plants belonging to the
families Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Clusiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Polygonaceae,
Rosaceae, etc.
Monitoring conducted in the field in Australia confirmed the establishment of most of
the biological control agents and the complete or substantial control of 17 of these targeted
European invasive plants. Quite a lot of this work has been done in collaboration with other
agencies with similar problem weeds in their countries
Keywords: European invasive plants; Australia; Biological control
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 12 Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-53
Searching for a control strategy against Yellow Nutsedge
(Cyperus esculentus L.)
Bohren C.
Agroscope, Switzerland
Email: christian.bohren@agroscope.admin.ch
Yellow nutsedge a Cyperaceae species, propagates exclusively with tubers in the
ground. Its abundance in Switzerland has largely increased in the last 20 years, due to
changes of land use and important difficulties to control. The species is not well known to
farmers yet, and tubers are increasingly displaced by vehicles machines, root crops and with
shoes. Infested fields are not mapped yet. Effective strategies to control the weed in the
sense of reducing tuber production and therefore reducing contamination of neighboring
fields are still missing. Agroscope started recently a trial program for development of control
strategies. A legal obligation to announce foci and to control would help farmers, contractors
and purchasers of crops to coordinate actions for preventing tuber production and
displacement.
Keywords: Cyperus esculentus; Changes of land use; Invasive weed; Weed management;
Herbicide incorporation; Tuber count
128
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 12 Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-54
Targeted chemical control of Pueraria lobata (Will.) Ohwi
depending on age and expansion of the plants
Morisoli R.1, Bertossa M.1, Conedera M.2, Schönenberger N.3,
Sonognini L.4 & M. Rossinelli5
1
Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Switzerland
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Switzerland
3
Museum of Natural History, Switzerland
4
Sonognini L. Monte Verità Foundation, Switzerland
5
Phytosanitary Service of Canton Ticino, Switzerland
2
E-mail (corresponding author): romina.morisoli@agroscope.admin.ch
The mild climate of our region encourages the establishment of invasive neophytes,
topic of increasing interest in the southern part of Switzerland. Particularly Pueraria
lobata (Will.) Ohwi (Fabaceae, Leguminosae) has found a suitable habitat to express its full
potential. Pueraria lobata (Kudzu) occurs in the canton Ticino territory since more than two
decades and in the last years we have observed an augmentation of 39% of the infested
area with new outbreaks of the recorded areas. These locations are not monitored by
authorities despite the plant’s presence in the black list of invasive species of the Swiss
Commission for Wild Plant Conservation CPS/SKEW which determines that establishment
and spread should be prevented.
Considering the environmental risk of this invasive species, it is very important to
implement short-term practical solutions to control the expansion of Kudzu in our area. In
2012 a working group composed by different stakeholders has been created to put into
practice different strategies to control this invasive within the park area of the Monte Verità
location. The tests were oriented mainly on chemical control: treatments with different
herbicides on infested surfaces with shoulder pump, plant by plant treatments with different
herbicides with hand pump and plant to plant injections of herbicides with syringe and brush.
Each treatment has been studied for the different caracteristics of outbreaks. The results
showed excellent efficiency up to 100% with some active agents. From October 2013 further
tests with chemical free procedures are in progress for areas where chemical treatments are
not allowed.
Keywords: Pueraria lobata; Chemical control; Practical solutions
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 12 Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-55
Protecting endangered Cuban UNESCO-protected areas from
invasive species: the case of marabou
Menendez J.1, D. Camacho D.1 & R. Alvarez2
1
Dept. Ciencias Agroforestales. E.T.S.I. Universidad de Huelva, Campus de La Rábida.
21819 Palos de la Frontera, Spain
2
Facultad Agropecuaria de Montaña del Escambray. Universidad de Sancti Spiritus, Cuba
E-mail (corresponding author): jmenend@uhu.es
Marabou (Dichrostachys cinerea Wight & Arn.) is a thorny, acacia-like, fast-growing
woody bush which invades fields, wasteland, roadsides and other disturbed areas. This
gregarious species has become a very aggressive invasive weed in Cuba, where no native
predators or pathogens are found. In the Trinidad Valley (an UNESCO-protected area in
Cuba Central), it forms veritable forests in areas where sugarcane growing has been
discontinued. A preliminary study using readily available preemergence herbicides has been
carried out in order to elucidate the best treatments rendering maximum and persistent weed
control with minimum herbicide rate and environmental stress. The effect of three herbicide
treatments (diuron, metribuzin, and pendimethalin) at five different herbicide rates (x1/8,
x1/4, x1/2, x1, and x2 of the field rate) were tested under laboratory-controlled conditions.
Pregerminated seeds were planted in batches previously treated with herbicides. Mortality
and plant regrowth after treatment were recorded 28 DAT. The process was cycled four
times to test both effectiveness and herbicide persistence. Dose-response assays showed
that metribuzin and pendimethalin results in terms of mortality and regrowth inhibition were
just fair at full herbicide rates of higher, with an average persistence of only 28 days. Diuron
treatments were much more effective, displaying good weed control even at 1/4 rates during
the first 28 days. This effectiveness lasted up to 84 days at full and double herbicide rates.
As a preliminary conclusion, diuron preemergence treatments seem the best effective and
persistent option to control marabou in sugar cane-infested areas of the Trinidad Valley.
Keywords: Preemergence; Marabou; Diuron; Persistence; Caribbean
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 0 Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-56
Characterization of retention and transfer of protein labels in the
saltcedar leaf beetle for use in ecological studies
Williams L.1, Hagler J.2 & K. Tonkel3
1
USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, France
USDA-ARS, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, USA
3
USDA-ARS, Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit, USA
2
E-mail (corresponding author): lwilliams@ars-ebcl.org
Understanding dispersal and predator-prey associations of biological control agents
can lead to a better understanding of the ecological services that they provide. Marking
arthropods with labels facilitates studies of their activity in nature, and thus provides new
insight into biological traits relevant to pest suppression. Here we describe labeling studies
on different life stages of Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae),
an important biological control agent of saltcedar. We used immunoglobulin G (IgG)
protein solutions to determine if: 1) externally-applied IgGs are effective labels of the
various life stages of D. carinulata, 2) IgGs can be retained between its life stages, 3)
the addition of a biological solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) enhances IgG retention, 4)
DMSO-IgG labels transfer via feeding from marked D. carinulata to its predator, Perillus
bioculatus (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), and 5) abiotic factors associated with field
conditions mediate label retention. Duration of immunolabels was measured on eggs
and larvae in the laboratory, and on adults in laboratory and field studies. Overall, our
results indicate that protein marking technology would be useful for studies of dispersal and
predator-prey associations of D. carinulata, and suggest potential for use in other weed
biological control systems.
Keywords: Immunolabels; Saltcedar; Tamarix; Dispersal; Predator-prey associations;
Diorhabda
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 1 Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-57
Natural enemies of perennial pepperweed, Lepidium latifolium L.,
in its introduced range
Williams L.1, Tonkel K.2 & M. Pitcairn3
1
USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, France
USDA-ARS, Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit, USA
3
California Department of Food and Agriculture, Biological Control Program, USA
2
E-mail (corresponding author): lwilliams@ars-ebcl.org
Perennial pepperweed, Lepidium latifolium L., is a member of the Brassicaceae
native to Eurasia. It was unintentionally introduced to North America in the early 1900s,
where it has since spread over millions of acres. This weed is an aggressive invader of
wetlands, meadows, roadsides, and agricultural fields where soil conditions are slightly
alkaline or saline. Control of this weed presents a challenge: physical and chemical control
strategies are generally not effective and have adverse consequences. Biological control is
also problematic, due to the relatively close phylogenetic relationship between L. latifolium
and cruciferous crops (e.g., broccoli, cabbage, canola) and several native Lepidium species,
which could also be impacted by an L. latifolium biological control agent. However, foreign
exploration in regions where perennial pepperweed co-occurs with other Lepidium species
may nevertheless yield promising candidate agents. A better understanding of the natural
enemy complex of perennial pepperweed in its introduced range would help guide future
control efforts because it would characterize current levels of suppression, help identify
existing natural enemies that might be enhanced, and determine the potential for
interference, or perhaps synergistic effects, between candidate agents and natural enemies
that are already present. Results of a 3-year study in Nevada and California showed that
perennial pepperweed is attacked by several above-ground natural enemies, including
weevils, flea beetles, leafhoppers, and white rust. Herbivore attack on L. latifolium roots was
rare. Site-specific differences in natural enemy attack were observed. Our results provide
baseline information that will aid foreign exploration and agent selection.
Keywords: Lepidium; Natural enemies
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 2 Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-58
Can biocontrol offer a solution to invasive ginger beauties?
Djeddour D., Pratt C. & N. Maczey
CABI E, UK
E-mail (corresponding author): d.djeddour@cabi.org
Hedychium J.Koenig or wild ginger species, are tall, showy and fragrant perennial
herbs, once highly prized and extensively cultivated throughout Europe’s “hot houses” in the
nineteenth century. As a result of global trade, a number of species were transported to
warmer climates and have subsequently escaped cultivation and become naturalised across
the world. Originating in the eastern Himalayan foothills, Hedychium gardnerianum Sheppard
ex Ker Gawl. in particular has become an aggressive colonizer of indigenous, undisturbed
forest habitats in its introduced range.
Two agents have been prioritised for study for Hawaii and New Zealand: a shoot fly,
Merochlorops dimorphus which has only ever been recorded from the target in the field and
which stunts the plants and prevents flowering, as well as a large, conspicuous weevil,
Tetratopus sp.which has a wider feeding host range within the Zingiberaceae in the lab but
which only completes its development on Hedychium species in tests carried out thus far.
Both species have a protracted life cycle with only 1-2 generations per year which has
complicated rearing efforts and complementary studies are being instigated in the field in
India.
A review of the project to date is given with details of the specificity studies as well as
prospects for release in Hawaii and New Zealand and opportunities for European
stakeholders to join the international consortium and piggy-back the research.
Keywords: Hedychium gardnerianum; Biological control
133
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-59
Growth, leaf nutrient contents and carbon isotope
discrimination during artemisinin-induced stress
in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.
Hussain I., Souza-Alonso P. & M. Reigosa
Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, Spain.
E-mail (corresponding author): mih76@uvigo.es
Natural products from microbes and plants offer a broad array of molecules with great
diversity in their structures and biological activity that can be utilized in weed management,
either directly as a natural product-based herbicide or indirectly as an allelochemical
produced by a crop or cover crops. Artemisinin, a potent antimalarial drug, is phytotoxic to
many crops and weeds. We reported here, the effects of artemisinin on plant growth, leaf
nutrient contents and carbon isotope discrimination in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.
Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia (Col-0) seedlings were grown in perlite and watered with 50%
Hoagland nutrient solution. Adult plants of Arabidopsis were treated with artemisinin (at 0,
40, 80, 160 M) for one week. Carbon isotope compositions analysis was performed and
values were expressed in ‰ according to the procedure described by Hussain et al. (2011).
Leaf protein content was determined by Bradford's method according to Pedrol and Ramos
(2001) using spectrophotometer and bovine serum albumin as standards.
Exposure of Arabidopsis to different concentration of artemisinin caused reduction in
leaf fresh weight that was 40% less than the control plants. Artemisinin (160 M) significantly
decreased the carbon and nitrogen contents in Arabidopsis leaves. Artemisinin increased the
sodium, potassium and phosphorus contents and there was no reduction in hydrogen,
aluminum and copper contents in Arabidopsis leaves. Carbon isotope composition values
were less negative (–35.82, –35.87 and –35.28) following treatment with 40, 80 and 160 M
artemisinin, respectively, than control (–36.88). Artemisinin decreased the leaf protein
contents in Arabidopsis at all concentration.
Keywords: Arabidopsis; Secondary metabolites; Stable isotopes; Leaf nutrients; Protein
contents
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-60
Potential for classical biological control of two non-native aquatic
weeds in Europe: Crassula helmsii (Kirk) Cockayne
and Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f.
Wood S., Varia S., Djeddour D., Jones K., Seier M. & R. Shaw
CABI Europe, UK
E-mail (corresponding author): s.wood@cabi.org
Crassula helmsii (Kirk) Cockayne (Australian swamp stonecrop) and Hydrocotyle
ranunculoides L.f. (Floating pennywort) are both troublesome weeds in the UK, and are
becoming problematic in other parts of Western Europe. Introduced through the aquaculture
trade from Australia and South America respectively, these non-native species have become
invasive in many vulnerable aquatic habitats, smothering native plants and altering the
surrounding ecosystem. The introduction of the Water Framework Directive requires
European waterways to attain ‘good ecological status’, a goal that is compromised by
invasives such as these. Conventional control is a major challenge for several reasons,
including the restrictions of chemicals in or near waterbodies, and the prolific vegetative
growth of these plants that can be promoted by manual control. Research into the biological
control of invasive plants such as C. helmsii and H. ranunculoides, as a long-term
sustainable solution for their management, has been funded by the UK Government to help
achieve the aims of the Directive.
Surveys in each of the plants’ native ranges have revealed many natural enemies,
which have been narrowed down to a small subset that have potential as biological control
agents. In Australia, a stem-mining fly (Hydrellia perplexa), an Eriophyid mite (Aculus sp.)
and a Colletotrichum pathogen have been found causing significant damage to C. helmsii,
and are currently being safety tested in quarantine. Similar testing is underway on a weevil
(Listronotus elongatus), fly (Eugaurax sp.) and rust pathogen (Puccinia hydrocotyles) for H.
ranunculoides. The research to date will be presented, and each agent’s potential for control
discussed.
Keywords: Biological control; Invasive; Europe; Crassula helmsii; Hydrocotyle ranunculoides
135
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-61
Biology andbiological
management
of invasive
Arundo
donax
Successful
control
of weedsgrass
in Europe:
the
case L.
of
Russian thistle (Salsola
tragus L.) and
the facultative saprophyte
in Mediterranean
ecosystems
Colletotrichum salsolae
3
4
Jiménez Ruiz J.1, Sánchez Martínez
J.2, Ocaña
1
2 Bueno L. &
3 I. Santín Montanyá
Lagopodi A. , Kashefi J. & K. Berner
1
Plant
1
Protection Products Unit, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and
Dept.
of Plant
Protection, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Technology,
Spain
2
2 USDA/ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Greece
3 Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Spain
USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, USA
3
Agrarian Transformation Company (TRAGSA), Spain
4
Plant (corresponding
Protection Department/
Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and
E-mail
author): National
lagopodi@auth.gr
Technology (INIA), Spain
Salsola tragus L. is a problematic weed in Greece and the western USA. It is a
biological
control target.
In the isantin@inia.es
present study, the establishment in the field of a S. tragusE-mail (corresponding
author):
specific, native Greek, pathogen Colletotrichum salsolae was monitored, after artificial
inoculations, in two regions in Greece. The purpose of the research was to demonstrate the
Knowledge of the peculiarities of the biology and ecology of A. donax, such as the
effectiveness of this fungus to control the weed and to determine disease progress in relation
presence of its perennial underground storage organs, is fundamental for the successful
to weather events. The isolate of C. salsolae used in the studies was isolated from diseased
elimination of reeds. The sensitivity of A. donax to different control methods vary throughout
S. tragus plants in Chalkidiki, Greece. The fungus was grown in rice substrate containing
the year depending on their physiological state. It has been suggested that if a particular
rice, V8 juice and CACO3. Three experimental fields, one in Serres and two in Kozani,
method is applied inappropriately, it may contribute to the unwanted spread of this species or
Greece, consisting of 4-6 plots each, were established in 2006 and 2010, respectively.
even encouraging the consolidation of their populations. In this regard, it should be noted
Placement of about 300g of the rice inoculum once, in late summer, in the center of each plot
that the various methods that can be employed to remove this reed - chemical, physical,
in all three disease-free experimental areas, resulted in rapid spread of the disease with
mechanical and creating competition - differ in their effectiveness, impact on the environment
maximum incidence at about 40 days after inoculation, in all experimental fields. The
and implementation costs. The method of control is dependent on different variables which
progress of disease incidence, and disease severity, was correlated with cumulative rainfall.
include: legal regulations, the characteristics of the plant, the location of the intervention,
By two years after inoculation, Russian thistle had been eliminated from the Serres site and
whether it is possible to repeat the process in subsequent years.
one field in Kozani. In the other Kozani field, Russian thistle density declined to 0-25% from
This presentation is a review of aspects of the biology of the invasive species in
original densities of about 80% in large areas of the field. This study demonstrates the
relation to the methods of disposal. These are analyzed in terms of cost, effectiveness and
potential of C. salsolae as a successful biocontrol agent, and introduces a simple, low-cost
impact on the environment, in order to establish the best practice for implementation.
method to control Russian thistle.
Keywords: Giant reed; Invader; Riparian ecosystem; Remove; Biology
Keywords: Biological control; Colletotrichum salsolae; Russian thistle; Salsola tragus
136
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-62
Successful biological control of weeds in Europe: the case of
Russian thistle (Salsola tragus L.) and the facultative saprophyte
Colletotrichum salsolae
Lagopodi A.1, Kashefi J.2 & K. Berner3
1
Dept. of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
USDA/ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Greece
3
USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, USA
2
E-mail (corresponding author): lagopodi@auth.gr
Salsola tragus L. is a problematic weed in Greece and the western USA. It is a
biological control target. In the present study, the establishment in the field of a S. tragusspecific, native Greek, pathogen Colletotrichum salsolae was monitored, after artificial
inoculations, in two regions in Greece. The purpose of the research was to demonstrate the
effectiveness of this fungus to control the weed and to determine disease progress in relation
to weather events. The isolate of C. salsolae used in the studies was isolated from diseased
S. tragus plants in Chalkidiki, Greece. The fungus was grown in rice substrate containing
rice, V8 juice and CACO3. Three experimental fields, one in Serres and two in Kozani,
Greece, consisting of 4-6 plots each, were established in 2006 and 2010, respectively.
Placement of about 300g of the rice inoculum once, in late summer, in the center of each plot
in all three disease-free experimental areas, resulted in rapid spread of the disease with
maximum incidence at about 40 days after inoculation, in all experimental fields. The
progress of disease incidence, and disease severity, was correlated with cumulative rainfall.
By two years after inoculation, Russian thistle had been eliminated from the Serres site and
one field in Kozani. In the other Kozani field, Russian thistle density declined to 0-25% from
original densities of about 80% in large areas of the field. This study demonstrates the
potential of C. salsolae as a successful biocontrol agent, and introduces a simple, low-cost
method to control Russian thistle.
Keywords: Biological control; Colletotrichum salsolae; Russian thistle; Salsola tragus
137
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-63
Successful biological control of weeds in Europe:
the case of creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.)
and the rust pathogen Puccinia punctiformis
Lagopodi A.1, Kashefi J.2,& D. Berner D.3
1
Dept. of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
USDA/ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Greece
3
USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, USA
2
E-mail (corresponding author): lagopodi@auth.gr
Creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) is a problematic weed in Greece and the
rest of Europe. The purpose of this research was to test a proposed disease cycle for the
biological control rust pathogen Puccinia punctiformis and to demonstrate a method for
successful epiphytotic establishment, mimicking the disease’s natural cycle. The following
disease cycle was investigated: I) Systemically infected shoots bearing spermagonia emerge
in spring. II) Spermagonia cross-fertilize to produce aeciospores which infect nearby healthy
leaves. III) Infections by aeciospores result in uredinia formation. IV) Uredinia transition to
telia in mid- to late-summer. V) Telia-bearing leaves abscise, fall, and are blown onto newly
emerging rosettes in autumn VI) Basidiospores from germinating teliospores infect the
rosettes, and the fungus grows into the root system where it survives the winter and
subsequent seasons. VII) Systemically infected root systems, give rise to systemically
diseased shoots next spring. To confirm this hypothesis C. arvense leaves, bearing telia of P.
punctiformis, were collected from a field in Kozani, Greece. These leaves were used to
inoculate young C. arvense rosettes in autumn 2010, in a disease-free field in Kozani.
Systemically diseased shoots emerged adjacent to inoculation sites the next spring,
indicating successful inoculations take place during autumn. The percentage of inoculations
leading to emergence of a systemically diseased shoot averaged 22.5%, but was as high as
40%. Recent research on presence of the rust in roots indicates that success in disease
establishment was probably much higher. The experiment was successfully repeated
besides Greece in Russia, New Zealand and USA.
Keywords: Biocontrol; Puccinia punctiformis; Disease cycle
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-64
Alien invasive weeds of Spain and suggested biological
control programs to tackle the problem
Kashefi J.1, Cortés Mendoza E.2, Marcos García M.A.2 & E. Galante2
1
2
USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Greece
CIBIO, University of Alicante, Spain
E-mail (corresponding author): jkashefi@ars-ebcl.org
As a country situated in the Mediterranean region, Spain is highly exposed to
introduction of alien, invasive species from Africa and as a member of European Union and
according to the rules for free movement of goods and persons it can hardly control it’s
boarders from possible introduction of dangerous species entered other EU countries from all
over the world. Alien invasive species already invading the country put in danger the
sensitive eco systems of southern regions and has a negative impact on the economy of the
country in many regions. A study showed that only in Valencian community there are 49
invasive weeds, which put in danger the flora and fauna of this area. These weeds disturb
the balance of the sensitive ecosystem or affect the production of agricultural goods. In many
cases they are widely spread which makes the use of herbicide and other control methods
not viable. Here we would like to suggest the use of biological control for reducing the spread
and control of six of these weeds, which seem to be of a higher importance for the country.
These are 1. Lantana camara (Common lantana) 2. Cortaderia selloana (Pampas grass) 3.
Solanum elaeagnifolium (Sliverleaf nightshade) 4. Penicetum setaceum (Fountain grass) 5.
Arundo donax (Giant reed) and 6. Carpobrotus edulis (Ice plant). Most of these are native to
Africa or America. The mentioned weeds are problematic in other Mediterranean countries
and could be subject to a wider project involving many other regions facing the same
problem.
Keywords: Mediterranean region; Alien invasive species; Biological control; ecosystem
139
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-65
New Zealand’s biosecurity response system in action; black-grass
(Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) a regulated organism
Christian S., Bleach C., Chandler B., & D. Yard.
Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand
E-mail (Corresponding author): sheree.christian@mpi.govt.nz
The New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) is entrusted with growing and
protecting New Zealand’s primary industries by maximising export opportunities, improving
sector productivity, increasing sustainable resource use and protecting New Zealand from
biological risk. The Ministry recently introduced a ‘single system’ to respond to all organisms
and goods that pose a biosecurity risk to New Zealand’s economy, environment, human
health and social culture. This biosecurity response system is being used in mid-Canterbury,
New Zealand to manage a spillage of black grass seed (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.), a
highly invasive weed of cereal crops. Since A. myosuroides is not present in New Zealand
the establishment of black grass poses a serious threat to New Zealand’s arable farming
community and export industry.
In collaboration with local government and industry, MPI is leading this response
using the single response system to ensure this pest weed does not establish in New
Zealand. An overview of the black grass response will be discussed and demonstrate how
the single response system applies for an active case.
Keywords: Alopecurus myosuroides; biosecurity risk; cereal crops
140
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-66
Investigating host specificity of Ustilago phrygica and impact for
biological control of Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski
Lagopodi A.1, Kamos N.1, Kashefi J.2 & R. Sforza3
1
Plant Pathology Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
Greece
2
USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratories, Greece
3
USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratories, France
E-mail (corresponding author): lagopodi@auth.gr
Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski, with common name medusahead rye,
originates from Eurasia and has been reported from Portugal to Russia and Kazakhstan. It is
mainly distributed in countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, including Greece. The
weed is noxious in many western U.S. states and is a biocontrol target. The smut fungus
Ustilago phrygica is a natural enemy of the weed in the Balkan region. The impact of the
fungus on controlling medusahead rye was investigated. The fungus was evaluated in a field
trial, for its effectiveness to kill the plant at maturity. Host specificity on 8 crop species and 14
grasses belonging to the Poaceae family was also tested. Field surveys were conducted in
several regions of Greece in order to record other diseases and isolate new pathogens of the
weed. In the field trial, artificial inoculations with U. phrygica were successful but resulted in
low infection rates of Taeniatherum caput-medusae. Apart from medusahead rye, 2 other
species namely Bromus tectorum L. and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. produced smutted
spikes. Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus and Hordeum, previously reported genera to host this
pathogen, were not infected under our field conditions. Low infection rate together with rare
appearance of the disease in field surveys, led to the conclusion that this pathogen is not a
major enemy of medusahead rye in nature. During field surveys several other collar and root
rot fungi were isolated from diseased plants. The pathogenicity of the fungi isolated, and their
impact in minimizing the population size of medusahead rye is under investigation.
Keywords: Taeniatherum caput-medusae; Noxious weed; Ustilago phrygica; Biocontrol
141
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 0 Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-67
Biological control of introduced European musk thistle in the
Southern Appalachians, USA:
a 25-year assessment of benefits and risks
Grant J., Wiggins G. & P. Lambdin
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, USA
E-mail (corresponding author): jgrant@utk.edu
Twenty-five years ago, an integrated management program, focusing on classical
biological control using two herbivorous weevils, Rhinocyllus conicus and Trichosirocalus
horridus, against an introduced European plant, musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.), was
initiated in the southern Appalachians, USA. This state-wide, multi-agency program was
embraced by farmers, landowners, urban dwellers, state agencies, federal agencies,
extension personnel, etc. In 1991, with funding from state and federal agencies, this program
expanded regionally into the southern Appalachians (southeastern USA - Georgia, North
Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia [where releases began in 1970s]). Farmers and the
citizenry continue to benefit from this program, as thistle densities have declined (as much as
90%), contributing to significant economic savings to farmers, landowners, and state/federal
agencies (e.g., Tennessee Department of Transportation saves about one million dollars
annually in reduced costs for labor and materials for herbicide applications and mowing).
Although benefits are extensive, potential risks (environmental concerns and impacts on nontarget native thistle species) exist. Studies in other areas (USA) documented R. conicus and
T. horridus feeding on non-target, native Cirsium species. Research in Tennessee did not
document R. conicus on naturally-occurring native thistles; however, field-cage studies
demonstrated potential for R. conicus to use several native thistles as hosts. Several nontarget native thistles supported populations of T. horridus in Tennessee. After 25 years, this
program continues to be successful, with little negative impacts. This paper provides a 25-yr
assessment of benefits and risks of biological control as part of an integrated management
program against musk thistle in the southeastern USA.
Keywords: Weed biological control; Classical biological control; IPM; Musk thistle; Weevils
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 1 Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-68
Invasive European plant species in the Southern Appalachians,
USA: potential targets for collaboration and cooperation in a new
beneficial insects quarantine laboratory
Grant J. & P. Lambdin
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, USA
E-mail (corresponding author): jgrant@utk.edu
Exotic plant and animal species are easily transported throughout the world, both
intentionally and accidentally. Often, these transportations result in introductions and
establishments of new species, which may become problematic in their new country. Many
examples of pest species that were introduced in this manner are found throughout the
world. Plant and insect species from the USA have become established in Europe and
European species have become established in the USA. Several introduced and established
European plant species have become serious economical and environmental weed problems
in the southern Appalachians (southeastern USA). These include musk thistle (Carduus
nutans), bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora Thunb.),
purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.), spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe subsp.
micranthos (Gugler) Hayek), oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.), poison hemlock
(Conium maculatum L.), European privet (Ligustrum vulgare L.), and others. Growers,
homeowners, and state/federal agencies expend time, labor, and resources to manage these
introductions. One management alternative is biological control, which may provide areawide weed reductions. In 2013, a new Beneficial Insects Quarantine Laboratory was
approved at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville (USA). This Quarantine Laboratory is
equipped to receive, evaluate, and assess biological control agents of established introduced
weeds in the southern Appalachians. The goal of the Laboratory is to identify and select
potential biological control agents for release and management of invasive weeds. To reach
this goal, we are seeking cooperators and collaborators in Europe. This poster details
potential targeted invasive species in the southern Appalachians, describes the Beneficial
Insects Quarantine Laboratory, and examines mutual benefits for cooperators.
Keywords: Assessment; Classical biological control; Quarantine Laboratory
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 2 Invasive plant management: biological and integrated control
Abstracts session 4
P4-69
Invasive plants management in Russia:
control and measures against their spread
(as for example - Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald)
Kulakova Y.Y. & V. G. Kulakov
Expert and Testing Department, All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center (VNIIKR), Russia
E-mail (corresponding author): thymus73@mail.ru
Invasive plants management in Russian Federation is ensured by the National
Phytosanitary Service of Russia - Rosselhoznadzor. Initially analyse of the phytosanitary
risks in case of penetration of some weeds in the country are conducted. The List of
quarantine objects of Russian Federation is approved as a legal document and use for a
control above noxious plants by the Phytosanitary Service. Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.)
Fernald is one of newcomer alien plant species, included in the List. This is an annual grass
(Poaceae), having spikelets, fused in total spiny burs and contained of 1-4 seeds. Originally
C. longispinus were registered in the port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar region in 1976. Now
the weed is diffusely spread in the four regions of Russia, grows in most cases along the
railroads, on sandy soils, ruderal places, on branch of rivers and embankments. To control
above C.longispinus and prevent further spread to other habitats need to next activities:
1- phytosanitary control to prevent of penetration seeds and spiny burs of C. longispinus
across state boundaries (check of plant materials, seeds, feed, etc);
2- to carry out annual monitoring activities in territories where C.longispinus were registered
and estimate to increase their numbers there;
3- improvement of methods for identification of C.longispinus from other non-quarantine
species similar to this plant due to morphological as well as molecular genetic methods.
Keywords: Invasive plants; Phytosanitary risks; Cenchrus; Rosselhoznadzor
144
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
SESSION 5
COMMON RAGWEED: TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE
MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS FOR EUROPE
Session Chair: Heinz Müller-Schärer
& Bruno Chauvel
This session is co-organized by
COST Action FA1203
Sustainable management
of Ambrosia artemisiifolia
in Europe (SMARTER)
145
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
146
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
SESSION 5
COMMON RAGWEED: TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE
MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS FOR EUROPE
Oral presentations
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
147
Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
KEYNOTE
Accidental introductions of classical biological agents against
invasive weeds in Europe - the ragweed leaf beetle as a case study
Urs Schaffner 1, Richard Shaw 2, Massimo Cristofaro 3 & Heinz Müller-Schärer4
1
CABI, Switzerland
CABI, UK
3
BBCA, Italy
4
Departement of Biology/Ecology & Evolution, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
2
E-mail (corresponding author): u.schaffner@cabi.org
Classical biological control is a well-established tool for the sustainable management
of invasive alien plant species, but up to date it has received far less attention in Europe than
on any other continent. However, the number of studies documenting economic and/or
ecological impact of invasive alien species (IAS) in Europe is steadily increasing. In the new
EC Regulation on IAS due to come out soon, Member States will be obliged to act on IAS,
and biological methods to control IAS are specifically mentioned.
Hence, there is a growing list of invasive plant species that are targeted for classical
biological control in Europe. Besides the normal step-wise procedure of a) pre-release
studies to assess the risks of releasing a specialist biological control agent (BCA), b) a
science-based decision process by competent authorities whether or not to release a BCA,
and c) a post release monitoring of the impact of a deliberately released BCAs, we are also
confronted with an increasing number of accidentally introduced organisms that could
potentially be used as classical biological control agents. Using the example of Ophraella
communa, a leaf beetle which is used as a biological control agent of Ambrosia artemisiifolia
in China and which has recently established in Europe, I will propose a rapid risk-benefit
assessment that will help regulatory bodies to decide on how to respond to accidental
introductions of potential BCAs.
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
EU-COST Action on ‘Sustainable management of
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. in Europe (SMARTER)’:
a template for future weed science initiatives
Müller-Schärer H. & the SMARTER team
Departement Biologie, Abteilung Ökologie & Evolution, Switzerland
E-mail (corresponding author): heinz.mueller@unifr.ch
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is both a major weed in European agriculture and a
declared flagship invasive alien species (IAS) for Europe, the latter mainly due to its
particularly large production of highly allergenic pollen generating huge medical costs. It thus
not only ideally qualifies as a “bridge-building species” for the present symposium on weeds
and invasive plants, but also has the potential to serve as a model weed species to fuel a
rebirth of “sunset” weed science (as perceived by European policy-makers and politicians) by
capitalizing on “sunrise” invasion science.
SMARTER (2013-2017) already has more than 180 researchers from 33 countries
with specialists in weed research, invasive alien species management, ecology, aerobiology,
allergology and economics as registered participants, constituting a truly trans-national and
trans-sectoral cooperative network. It aims to initiate and develop long-term and sustainable
control methods with focus on biological control and vegetation management, to integrate
these into existing mechanical and chemical control measures, and to quantify the success
of these measures for both agriculture and health. SMARTER will allow the various
stakeholders to select optimal habitat- and region-specific combinations of control methods.
I will describe the structure and the state of the Action, and illustrate its innovative
potential with a few studies typical of the Action’s strategic orientation. We expect SMARTER
to contribute to sustainably reducing the abundance and spread of ragweed in Europe to the
benefit of agriculture and human health, but hopefully also to a more sustainable niche for
weed science.
Keywords: Common ragweed; Cooperative network; Invasion science; Sustainable control
methods
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
Common ragweed national maps & public policies in France
Mandon-Dalger I.1, Just A.1, Martinez Q.2 & B. Chauvel3
1
Fédération des Conservatoires Botaniques Nationaux, France
Observatoire des ambroisies / UMR 347 Agroécologie, France
3
INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, France
2
E-mail (corresponding author): bruno.chauvel@dijon.inra.fr
Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) has been detected in France in the
middle of the XIXth century. It has spread throughout the territory during the XXth century
with a critical evolution. Public policies have not been able to contain this spread at the
moment, and it is now difficult to find ways to tackle the invasion. Publication of national and
regional maps seems to be an effective tool to draw up an overview of the situation and build
management strategies. With a set of historical and modern data collected all over the
French territory, and from many different stakeholders, we consider the progress of the
species in time. The system of legislation applied locally is analyzed with regard to the data
of presence of the species. Several examples of maps are proposed, which aim at
determining thresholds of intervention. The reliability of the results is analyzed in the light of
the pressure of sampling.
Keywords: Invasive plants; Common ragweed; Distribution maps; public policies
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 0 Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
No performance reduction at the present northern edge of
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. invasion range
Ortmans W.1, Chauvel B.2,3, Mahy G.1 & A. Monty1
1
Biodiversity and Landscape Unit France, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege,
Belgium
2
Observatoire des ambroisies / UMR 347 Agroécologie, France
3
INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, France
E-mail (corresponding author): w.ortmans@ulg.ac.be
Plant populations at range edges may exhibit reduction of performances and fitness.
In the case of biological invasions, such a reduction could be associated with a slowing down
of the spread and explain the non-naturalization of a species outside its present invasion
range. Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is an ideal model to investigate such
processes, since it is invasive in France but not naturalized in northern countries, such as
Belgium and the Netherlands. In this study, we test if the performances of ragweed
populations vary among different invasion zones.
Three populations were selected in each of four invasion zones in Western Europe: 1)
French invasion area; 2) northern and 3) southern invasion edges; and 4) outside the
invasion area (Belgium and Netherlands). Field performances (growth, reproduction, stress
resistance) were recorded on 25 plants per population. Furthermore, the competition by the
native flora was assessed around each plant. Generalized Linear Models were used to
compare performance among invasion zones and populations, with competition as covariate.
Regressions were also performed to assess the influence of climatic data on population
performances.
No evidence of decreasing performances was found at the edges of the invasion
area, neither outside of it, suggesting that the invasion front has the potential to keep going
northwards. Competition by native flora had a significant impact on stress resistance, but did
not decrease reproduction or growth. These results are discussed in the light of other
ongoing experiments in Belgium.
Keywords: Fitness; invasion range edges; Competition; Stress resistance
151
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 1 Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
Biology and invasion paths of Ambrosia confertiflora DC.
and Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng. in Israel
Yair Y.1, Siboni M.2, Goldberg A.3, Shachar E.4, Yaacoby T.5, Rubin B.2
& R. Confino-Cohen3
1
Porter School of Environmental Studies, Tel Aviv University, Israel
RH Smith Institute of Plant Sci. & Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and
Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Plant Protection & Inspection Services, Israel
3
Meir Medical Center, Israel
4
Rambam Health Care Campus, Israel
5
Plant Protection & Inspection Services, Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development, Israel
2
E-mail (corresponding author): yairy2006@gmail.com
Two perennial species of Ambrosia were identified in Israel: Ambrosia
confertiflora DC., originating from southern US and Mexico, a very aggressive plant, forming
large stands reaching more than 3m height, with a very dense subterranean root system, and
Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng., native to South America, less aggressive and grows in isolated
population. Ambrosia spp. invaded through imported feed grains, that spreads along river
banks, roadside and railway tracks and by soil movement. Spatial and temporal maps
constructed indicate the rapid spread of A. confertiflora in Israel.
Both species reproduce from seeds and rhizomes. Seed germination exceeds 50%
for both species and is higher during winter, and seedling emergence commences only from
the upper soil layers. Vegetative propagation is high; hence attempts to control Ambrosia by
mowing are inefficient. Preliminary results show in A. confertiflora but not in A. tenuifolia,
enhanced sprouting after mowing indicating apex dominance. The flowering and pollen
release season of A. confertiflora is between August and December, whereas A. tenuifolia
flowers from June to October. However, during the recent years, flowering plants can be
found even at midwinter (January/February).
Ambrosia species are wind pollinated, producing large quantities of highly allergenic
pollen. Allergy skin tests were performed in two hospitals in Israel, using pollen extracts
prepared from pollen collected in the field. Results from 147 volunteers show that 20% of
patients reacted at least to one of the species and that A. confertiflora is much more
allergenic (15 %) than A. tenuifolia (5 %).
Clearly, the rapid growth and spread of Ambrosia species in Israel poses a threat to
agricultural crops and public health, and should be treated accordingly.
Keywords: Ambrosia tenuifolia; Ambrosia confertiflora; Maps; Vegetative propagation;
Allergy skin tests
152
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 2 Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
Ragweed pollination in France
Thibaudon M. & G. Oliver
Réseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique (RNSA), France
E-mail (corresponding author): rnsa@rnsa.fr
With records covering more than 25 years pollen data, RNSA (The French
aerobiology network) follows the evolution of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)
pollination: annual pollen index, start and length of the season, new areas with ragweed
pollens.
Pollen exposure measurements are based on data from Hirst-type spore traps and
correspond to daily pollen concentrations. The data are recorded on a 2-hourly time step,
which allows to determine the circadian rhythm of the plant and to evaluate if the pollen is of
local origin or transported over longer distance by the wind. In Lyon, the start date of
pollination tends to be earlier: the tendency shows that the first pollens arrive one week
earlier than 25 years ago. Over the same period, the annual pollen index increased in most
of the French pollen stations (even if 2013 was an exception). Circadian rhythm allows
studying the evolution of the presence of the plant in a same region: in Auvergne, the North
is already infested (pollens in the morning) while the South is not yet infested (a few pollens
in the afternoon). And now, ragweed pollens are also recorded in the West of the country,
while this was not the case before.
Twenty-five years of pollen data history offers an interesting overview of the evolution
of ragweed pollination in France: the season begins earlier, the amount of pollen is
increasing in most of the stations and it seems that more and more areas are infested and,
consequently, more and more people become sensitive and symptomatic.
Keywords: Annual pollen index; Ragweed pollination
153
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.): Is the allergenicity of
the pollen altered by climate change and air pollution?
Frank U.1, El Kelish A.1, Zhao F.1, Heller W.1, Durner J.1, Winkler B.J.1, Engel M.1,
von Törne C.1, Hauck S.M.1, Behrendt H.2, Traidl-Hoffmann C.2, Öder S.2,
Holzinger A.3, Pfeifer M.1 & D. Ernst1
1
Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
ZAUM - Center for Allergy Environment, Germany
3
Universität Innsbruck, Germany
2
E-mail (corresponding author): ernst@helmholtz-muenchen.de
Pollen of the common ragweed is a main cause of allergenic diseases in Northern
America, and the weed has become spreading as a neophyte in Europe. It is hypothesized
that climate change and air pollution will affect the allergenic potential of pollen, either by a
changed pollen season, by a changed pollen amount, by changes of the surface exine or by
directly increasing the allergenic transcripts/proteins and interactions with biologically
important ligands, e.g., flavonoids. To better understand the molecular mechanisms under global change scenarios, we
carried out a systems biology approach of ragweed pollen upon elevated O3/CO2/NO2 and
drought stress.
Scanning-electron-microscopy showed no difference in the pollen size, shape and
surface structure under the above mentioned scenarios, whereas individual flavonoid
metabolites were increased upon elevated CO2 and drought stress. Transcriptomic analyses
showed changes in ESTs, including allergen-encoding ESTs upon elevated O3/CO2 and
drought stress. Increased amounts of allergenic proteins were found upon NO2-treatment, in
addition nitrosylation of Amb a isoforms were observed that may influence the allergenic
potential. CO2-treated pollen or drought stress lead to higher IgE-levels in B cells of mice,
and showed even an additive effect, indicating an impact on allergic diseases.
Keywords: Allergenic disease; Climate change; Air pollution; CO2; Drought stress
154
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
The risk of exposure to airborne Ambrosia pollen from local and
distant sources – an example from Denmark
Skjoth C.A., Sommer J., Smith M., Sikoparija B.,
Kaprszyk I., Myszkowska D. & L. Grewling
National Pollen and Aerobiological Research Unit, University of Worcester, UK
E-mail (corresponding author): c.skjoth@worc.ac.uk
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is a noxious invasive alien species in Europe. It is an
important aeroallergen and millions of people are exposed to its pollen. Objective: To show
that atmospheric concentrations of Ambrosia pollen recorded in Denmark can be derived
from local or more distant sources. Methods: Using a combination of pollen measurements,
air mass trajectory calculations using the HYPLIT model and mapping all known Ambrosia
locations in Denmark.
The annual pollen index recorded in Copenhagen during a 15-year period varied from
a few pollen grains to more than 100. Since 2005, small quantities of Ambrosia pollen have
been observed in the air every year. Through a combination of Lagrangian back-trajectory
calculations and atmospheric pollen measurements, we demonstrated that pollen arrived in
Denmark via long-distance transport from centres of Ambrosia infestations such as the
Pannonian Plain and Ukraine. Combining observations with results from a local scale
dispersion model show that it is possible that Ambrosia pollen could be derived from local
sources identified within Denmark.
The high allergenic capacity of Ambrosia pollen means that only small amounts of
pollen are relevant for allergy sufferers, and just a few plants will be sufficient to produce
enough pollen to affect pollen allergy sufferers within a short distance from the source. It is
necessary to adopt control measures to restrict Ambrosia numbers. Recommendations for
the removal of all Ambrosia plants can effectively reduce the amount of local pollen, as long
as the population is small.
Keywords: Aeroallergen; Pollen measurements; Dispersion model
155
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Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
SESSION 5
COMMON RAGWEED: TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE
MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS FOR EUROPE
Posters
157
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
P5-70
Seed bank and germination of Ragweed seed - Ambrosia
artemisiifolia L.
Konstantinovic B., Popov M., Konstantinovic B.& M. Blagojevic
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Department for Environmental, and Plant
Protection, Serbia
E-mail (corresponding author): bojank@polj.uns.ac.rs
During 2012, at ruderal sites on the territory of AP Vojvodina, on which in previous
years presence of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. was established, soil sampling was performed
with the aim of seed bank determination. Each sample was sieved through the system of
copper sieves of various diameters, according to the method of Conn (1987). After
separation from samples, seeds were identified (Skender et al, 1998; Kronaveter and Bo a,
1994). At sites with distinct light and sandy soil, significant presence of seeds was
established, as well as at the sites on which in several previous years were carried out
construction works.
This study also examined germination rate of the seeds of A. artemisiifolia in relation
to the temperature of their storage. The seeds were collected in 2012 and 2013 from a large
number of plants in studied locations. The collected seeds were placed in different
environmental conditions with different temperature fluctuations. The results indicate that
there is a statistical significance in the germination rate: seeds vernalized at -8 °C showed
the highest germination rate in comparison to the seeds vernalized at 4°C and the ones
stored at room temperature.
Keywords: Seed bank; Germination rate
158
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Abstracts session 5
Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
P5-71
New polymorphic markers for genetic diversity studies in an
invasive plant: the common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)
Meyer L.1, Bailly G.2, Causse R.1, Chauvel B.1,
Délye C.1 & V. Le Corre1
1
INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, France
BASF Agro SAS, Sustainable Agriculture Department, France
E-mail (corresponding author): l.meyer423@gmail.com
Common ragweed is an annual herb that belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is known
as an invasive plant originating from the USA. In France the common ragweed is especially
abundant in the Rhône-Alpes basin and currently spreads northwards in Burgundy. Ragweed
colonizes different types of environments, such as railways, river sides, wastelands,
farmlands and cultivated crops (especially sunflowers crops). Herbicide resistance to linuron,
glyphosate and/or acetolactate synthase inhibitors has been reported in the USA, which
complicates the chemical control of ragweed. In addition, the highly allergenic pollen of
ragweed causes severe allergies. These elements make this plant a major threat to health
and to the environment in Europe.
To investigate the genetic diversity and the patterns of gene flow in A. artemisiifolia,
reliable, polymorphic molecular markers are requested. Until now, only a handful of
microsatellites markers are available for this species. We used an enriched microsatellite
library coupled with 454 next-generation sequencing to develop a new set of microsatellite
markers. The new set of markers and pre-existing markers have been thoroughly tested for
stable PCR amplification and reliable genotype scoring. The presence of null alleles has
been checked. Here, we present genetic diversity data obtained for twelve ragweed
populations, sampled across the core area of presence of the species (Rhône – Alpes basin)
and its northwards limits (Jura and Burgundy).
Keywords: Herbicide resistance; Chemical control; Genetic
Polymorphic molecular markers
diversity; Gene
flow;
159
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
P5-72
Impact of campaigns to control common ragweed
on the pollen production in France
Thibaudon M.1, Sindt C. 1, Oliver G. 1, Martinez Q.2 & B. Chauvel2
1
2
Réseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique (RNSA), France
INRA - Observatoire des ambroisies, France
E-mail (corresponding author): rnsa@rnsa.fr
The dispersion of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is anthropogenic, and
because it is an invasive plant, a number of control procedures have been implemented
whose effectiveness was measured. Measures on pollen emissions were compared between
areas with different level of management. In addition to pollen traps of the French
aerobiology network (RNSA), passive traps (SLT: SIGMA2 Like Trap) were positioned near
controlled or non-controlled areas.
Two areas were selected:
- infested areas, in Rhône-Valley, 12 SLT were set up: 8 in Estrablin, with 2 in non-controlled
areas and 6 in well-controlled areas; 4 near Valence, with one in non-controlled area and 3 in
well controlled areas
- a few infested area around Dijon with 4 traps located in lightly infested areas of which one
in an area without ragweed plants and three in areas with presence of small amounts of
ragweed plants.
Ragweed pollen amounts collected from controlled and non-controlled areas are
different, with a difference of ten to hundred times of the number of grains for controlled
against non-treated areas. On the area not really infested, the quantities of pollen are limited
to low tens of ragweed pollens grains. Periods of heavy pollination of ragweed pollens are
similar for SLT and Hirst pollen traps. Even if the amounts of pollen collected from the wellcontrolled infested areas are still high, they are significantly less important than the amounts
present on non-controlled areas.
The set-up of management practices enables to locally reduce the pollen pressure
but only a generalized and integrated control will actually enable to relieve allergy threats to
people.
Keywords: Management effectiveness; Pollen amounts
160
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 0 Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
P5-73
The allergenic invasive plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.:
a new research platform in Poland
Bzd ga K.1, Janiak A.1, Ksi czyk T.2, Gancarek M.1, Maraszek J.1,
Myszkowska D.3 & B. Tokarska-Guzik1
1
University of Silesia, Poland
Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
3
Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Poland
2
E-mail (corresponding author): katarzyna.bzdega@us.edu.pl
The spread status of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. in Poland is still an open problem. The
aim of the study was to build a research platform for monitoring the current state of research
on A. artemisiifolia allowing the analysis of its present distribution, seed germination, genetic
and cytogenetic diversity, the influx of ragweed pollen from neighboring countries and the
estimation of the threat of ragweed allergens in the Polish population. Our results show that
in recent years, a rapid increase in number of new stands has been already recorded.
Results on the biology of sexual reproduction showed that A. artemisiifolia produces viable
seeds and that seed stratification is necessary to increase the ability to germinate and
tolerate salinity. Genetic studies revealed high level of polymorphism among individuals in A.
artemisiifolia populations, which might be the result of multiple sources of introduction and is
possibly crucial in their invasive success. Within the chromosome complement of A.
artemisiifolia, physical mapping of 5S and 18S–5.8S–25S rDNA loci provided markers for 6
out of 36 chromosomes. Comparative analysis of karyotype structure in populations of A.
artemisiifolia in their introduced and native range is still required and will be implemented.
The preliminary back-trajectory analysis of air masses moving to Poland reported the influx
of Ambrosia pollen from the southern direction, probably from Slovakia, Hungary and
Ukraine. The raising tendency in sensitization to ragweed pollen is still observed, but the
estimation of the real threat needs the complex allergological diagnostics in patients with
inhalant allergy symptoms.
Keywords: Monitoring; Distribution; Poland; Genetic diversity; Ragweed pollen
161
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 1 Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
P5-74
Microbial herbicides as control agents against common ragweed
Widhalm S., Trognitz F., Dürr S. & A. Sessitsch
Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Austria
E-mail (corresponding author): Siegrid.Widhalm.fl@ait.ac.at
Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is rapidly spreading in Europe and is
naturalized in many areas mainly through contaminated sunflower- and bird seeds. This
noxious weed produces pollen, which is highly allergenic and can cause late-summer
allergenic rhinitis and seasonal asthma. Effective agents to control this weed of the
Asteraceae family are limited and use of chemical herbicides is becoming an environmental
concern.
Novel approaches for more environmental friendly and effective agents to combat this
weed are demanded. Application of plant-associated bacteria as bioherbicides could be a
successful strategy to win the battle against the invasive common ragweed. Such bacteria
could either be rhizobacteria or endophytes, which are in close relationship with ragweed.
Because of their selectiveness of association with the host plant, such bacteria can be
applied on agriculture land, without harming the crops. Another aspect of using natural
occurring bacteria is the low risk of becoming an enemy, like for insects.
In the frame of a research project we are looking for rhizobacteria and endophytes
from ragweed, which can reduce germination, growth and pollen production. Therefore we
collected ragweed from different sites in Austria and isolated around thousand bacterial
isolates. To test them of bioherbicidal effects, several screens will be carried out, like
production of hydrogen cyanide, indole acetic acid and toxin production. Positive bacterial
strains will be tested on ragweed for the ability to reduce the growth of ragweed.
Keywords: Bioherbicides; Sustainable management; Rhizobacteria; Endophytes
162
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 2 Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
P5-75
Cross-reactivity of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. with other plants:
could rare European Ambrosia species create an increase of the
prevalence of allergic diseases in the future?
Déchamp C.
Association Française d'Etude Des Ambroisies (AFEDA), France
E-mail (corresponding author): afeda@wanadoo.fr
In France, A. artemisiifolia L. (Aa) covers fields in the mid Rhône Valley. Rare
identified species are: Ambrosia trifida L. (At) -South-West crops-, A. psilostachya DC. (Ap) some areas (Camargue)-, A. tenuifolia Sprengel (Ate) -Porquerolles island-, A. maritima
(Am), the only European native Ambrosia species, -marine sands of the Mediterranean-.
Numerous factors are responsible of an increase on health impact of these rare
species in Europe, one of them is allergen cross-reactivity of ragweed-related species with
other plants.
Allergens are in flowers, airborne-particles, roots, leaves, stems, seeds.
Review: 50 allergens are identified for ragweed-related species (without counting
epitope), 40 for mugwort-related species, among them profilins that cause the pollen-food
syndrome and play a role in the cross-reactivity between allergens from unrelated sources.
Some allergens identified in Aa, Ap, At, present concomitant sensitizations and clinical crossreactivities. Am also produces sensitization (Waisel). For Ate, there is no reference. Amb a 1
has homologies with Cry j 1 (major allergen of Cryptomeria japonica Don) that has
Cupressaceae cross-reactivity.
Every people does not answer to every allergen, so they are classified in major and
minor ones: Amb a 1 is a major allergen, recognized by about 90% of the Ambrosia patients,
Art v 1, Art v 6, major allergens of mugwort are identified in ragweed. As Artemisia species,
largely found in Europe since the tertiary era, are a frequent cause of pollinosis, a spread of
rare Ambrosia would increase the prevalence of allergic diseases.
Therefore, prevention of the spread of these rare Ambrosia species seems
necessary.
Keywords: Health impact; Allergen croos-reactivity; Profilins; Amb a 1
163
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
P5-76
Growth and development of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.
under different trophic conditions
Chauvel B.1, Martinez Q.2 & C. Barbaz3
1
INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, France
INRA, Observatoire des ambroisies, France
3
Université de Bourgogne, France
2
E-mail (corresponding author): chauvel@dijon.inra.fr
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed) is an annual weed regarded as an
invasive plant in France. This species can be found in a large range of soil types with regard
to texture, pH or nutrient contents. Furthermore, its tolerance to different forms of stress
increases its spread potential. This work was undertaken to evaluate the development and
growth of common ragweed under different trophic conditions in a common garden. Three
cohorts of 15 plants per treatments were sown in spring 2013 and the effects of nitrogen and
irrigation were compared on each sowing dates. During the first weeks, vegetative
appearance is strongly linked with the sum of temperature. For the first cohort, the effect of
the competition induced by two types of plant cover was also studied. It appears that effects
of abiotic factors are different according to the sowing dates. No effect was observed for the
first cohort when a better growth is observed in higher trophic conditions for the later sowing
dates. In our growth conditions, no differences were observed in flowering dates (male and
female flowers). Competition of plant cover strongly reduces the growth of common ragweed
plants, but was not sufficient to prevent the flowering stage.
Keywords: Growth; Nitrogen; Irrigation; Sowing dates; Plant cover
164
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
P5-77
The Black Sea highway:
route
of distribution
common ragweed invasion
Seedling the
growth
and
in Turkey
of Ambrosia artemisiifolia
L. in the Czech Republic
1
1
H., GunalL.H.
& S. Ozcan
Skálová H.Onen
, Moravcová
, Wild
J.1 & P. Pyšek1,2
1
Gaziosmanpa
a University,
Faculty
of Agriculture,
Institute of Botany
of the Czech
Academy
of Sciences,Plant
CzechProtection
Republic Department, Weed
2 Science
Lab. of
Tokat,
Turkey
Department
Ecology,
Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
E-mail (corresponding author): author): h
huseyin.onen@gop.edu.tr
ana.skalova@ibot.cas.cz
Common ragweed
(Ambrosia
artemisiifolia
L.) is to
anNorth
invasive
annualwas
plant
native to
Ambrosia
artemisiifolia
L., an annual
plant native
America,
accidentally
North America
that has
the Europe,
and of
other
continents.
After on
thehuman
first report
of
introduced
to Europe
in spread
the 19thtocentury.
Because
its negative
impact
health,
the plant in and
1998,
no one has
studied
ragweed
in Turkey.
Weofaimed
to demonstrate
agriculture
biological
diversity
it iscommon
nowadays
considered
as one
the most
dangerous
the presentweeds.
invasion
status
of the Republic
plant in Turkey.
The known
research
area
of the
was
European
From
the Czech
it has been
since
1883,
up surveys
to the 1990s
Black
Sea
Region
of
Turkey.
The
survey
was
conducted
in
2012
and
2013.
The
frequency
recorded in about 80 localities, mostly in the warmest parts of the country. Further spread of
occurrence
and density
of ragweed
increased
to the
east inchanges
the surveyed
this
thermophilous
species
is highly
likely, gradually
supportedfrom
by west
ongoing
climatic
and
area. The propagule
weed waspressure
first encountered
theincrease
Samsuninprovince.
Ragweed
was rarely
increasing
due to the in
rapid
abundance
of the species
in a
observed
Samsun
andAsTrabzon
provinces,
but the weed
extensively
populated
wider
areabetween
of central
Europe.
an annual
A. artemisiifolia
is crucially
dependent
on the
area between
Rize and the
Georgia
border.
Common
ragweed
was found inare
highly
perturbed
successful
performance
of the
juveniles.
Seedling
growth
and development
influenced
by
o
habitats
such
as
roadsides
and
waste
areas
in
the
region.
Observations
indicate
that
temperature and nutrient levels. The thermal window ranges from 10 to 34 C, with the
common growth
ragweed
has faster
already
settled
in temperatures.
the Black Sea
Region
of Turkey,
probably
seedling
being
under
higher
Despite
a continual
increase
in
introduced
from decreased
one of ourbiomass
northern
neighbors
It is also
speculatedUnder
that low
the
seedling
height,
was
recorded (Georgia).
under the highest
temperature.
ragweed the
expansion
in Turkey
was slowly
probably
with the construction
of increases.
the Black
nutrients
seedlings
grow more
andassociated
biomass allocation
into the roots
Sea updated
Highway,distribution
since the ofhighway
construction
cleared
the land
all nativeinplants
and
The
the species
in the Czech
Republic
will from
be presented
relation
to
created
suitable
conditions
thequality.
invasion of the weed.
the
spring
temperatures
andforsoil
Keywords: Survey;
Roadsides;
Vector; Black
Sea level;
Region;
Establishment;
Temperature;
Nutrient
SoilTurkey
quality 165
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
P5-78
Efficacy of single and combined herbicide treatments on common
ragweed at different phenological stages
Kazinczi G. & S. Máté
Kaposvár University, Hungary
E-mail (corresponding author): kazinczi.gabriella@ke.hu
Small plot experiments were set up under field conditions in order to evaluate the
efficacy of different herbicides and their combinations on ragweed (BBCH: 09-19). Preemergence (PRE), post-emergence (POST) and combined (PRE+POST) treatments were
applied.
Weed control efficacy was evaluated 3 and 12 weeks after treatments (WAT).
Most important conclusions: due to the lack of precipitation, soil herbicides (preemergence treatments) did not work well. Efficacy of ALS inhibitors was good until max. 4
leaf phenological stage of ragweed (BBCH:14). Non-selective herbicides were efficient for
older ragweed control also, but ineffective for lately-emerged seedlings (they did not ”meet”
with the plant). Due to the selection pressure of hormone type herbicides, monocot species
were dominant. Majority of leaf herbicides had no long-term effect; lately-emerged ragweed
plants (the ones that emerged after the post-emergence treatments) escaped from the effect
of herbicides. Generally, combined herbicide treatments gave better results, than preemergence and/or post-emergence ones alone.
Keywords: Herbicides; Control efficacity; Phenology
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Abstracts session 5
P5-79
Recommendations to fight ragweed
derived from the EU-project HALT AMBROSIA
Karrer G., Starfinger U., Kazinczi G., Kudsk P., Simoncic A., Milakovic I.,
Söltner U., Verschwele A., Mathiassen S., Basky Z, Kömives T. & R. Leskovsek
University of Natural Ressources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
E-mail (corresponding author): gerhard.karrer@boku.ac.at
The invasive alien plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. conquered most of Europe during
the past 150 years causing severe health problems by their allergic pollen as well as losses
in agricultural yield and biodiversity. The EU-funded research project HALT-AMBROSIA (DG
Environment: 07.0322/2010/58340/SUB/B2) was conducted by partners from Austria,
Denmark, Germany, Hungary and Slovenia and finished in February 2014 providing several
new facts to improve the fight against ragweed.
Research within the main tasks ‘Biological fundamentals’, ‘Non-chemical and
integrated control strategies’, ‘Best use of herbicides’ and ‘Impact on non-target species and
biodiversity’ gave valuable input to strengthen and clarify the management strategy that
should be followed at the European level.
We recommend the following adaptive strategies for specific infestation levels in
European regions:
- Preventing the spread and establishment of ragweed is the first choice of measures to be
applied in countries that have no naturalized populations of ragweed. Furthermore,
prohibiting further range expansion is also relevant for already invaded countries.
- Reducing the risk of establishment and naturalization by early detection and eradication is
very important in regions near to the edge of the actual distribution.
- Controlling already existing populations aiming at minimizing their seed production is
relevant mostly to countries with established populations.
- Finally, avoiding secondary dispersal of ragweed seeds by inadequate disposal of plant
material from control activities.
The selection and intensity of the provided control options can be adapted to different
scenarios like varying infestation levels in given countries, legal regulations of herbicide use,
environmental concerns, etc.
Keywords: HALT-AMBROSIA; Control options; Adaptative management strategies
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Abstracts session 5
P5-80
Seed survival and germinability of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. seed
samples from Europe
Karrer G., Kazinczi G., Waldhaeuser N., Starfinger U., Söltner U.
& S. Mathiassen
University of Natural Ressources and Life Sciences Vienna Institute of Botany, Austria
E-mail (corresponding author): gerhard.karrer@boku.ac.at
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. invaded into Europe by traded crop seed. Seed biology of
this annual invasive weed is documented to be rather complicated because of dormancy.
The fate of seeds in natural sites of North America might differ to that of seeds from
European habitats that comprise different predators and environmental stressors.
Several Central and Eastern European seed populations were sampled and stored at
dry or wet, and deep or room temperatures, respectively, by the Austrian and Hungarian
teams of the EU-project HALT AMBROSIA (DG Environment: 07.0322/2010/58340/SUB/B2).
Tests on germinability (15°C/16 h and 30°C/8 h) and viability (TTC) were performed on seed
lots of different ages. Additionally, buried seeds and seeds from soil seedbanks of different
seasons were tested for seed survival.
Under field soil conditions, ragweed seed loss between seed disposal in autumn
(October) and start of the germination phase in spring (March) was on average 20%.
Seeds stored in the lab at various conditions lost viability by 10-50% within one year.
Viability of seeds stored at dry conditions (room temperature) decreased slowly within
three years by 67-90% (mean: 74%). Seeds stored cool (4°C) and dark germinated at rates
of 28-62% after four years.
Our observations show that seed viability varies highly depending on the conditions
for sampling and storage. Consequently, experiments using seeds from any source should
be based on standardized protocols for sampling, storage and manipulation/transportation of
seeds. Furthermore, soil seedbank of ragweed proved to be the only plausible test for
efficacy and sustainability of any control measure in naturalized populations.
Keywords: Seed dormancy; Seed viability; Soil seedbank
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Common ragweed: towards sustainable management solutions for Europe
Abstracts session 5
P5-81
Population Genetics on Ambrosia genus: Past, present and future
COST SMARTER Genetics Task Force:
R. Causse , B. Chauvel1, C. Délye1, G. Karrer2, A.-K. Kolseth3, M. Kropf2,
V. Le Corre1, H. Meimberg2,4, R. Scalone3 & J. Taller 5
1
1
National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), UMR1347 Agroécologie, Dijon, France
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
3
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
4
Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
5
University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
2
E-mail (corresponding author): gerhard.karrer@boku.ac.at
A new Task Force within the COST-SMARTER has recently been created. This group
is composed of population genetics experts from five European countries in charge of
focusing on “Genetics on Ambrosia” (Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Sweden). Their
mission was to review molecular methods used in published genetics studies on common
ragweed and to discuss about future projects.
Two different types of molecular markers are generally used in the literature to
investigate the genetic structure within and between introduced and/or native populations of
common ragweed: microsatellite markers and amplified fragment length polymorphism
(AFLP). These methods permit the researchers to trace-back the common ragweed invasion
history and its worldwide spread as well as to identify certain evolutionary processes like
selection, adaptation or genetic bottleneck due to introduction. One common conclusion is
the presence of two main genetic clusters within Europe coming from two different regions of
the native range. However, this conclusion is based on a limited number of microsatellite
markers used (12 nuclear + 4 plastid). New methods using haplotype analysis or selected
markers present on functional parts of the genome (i.e., related to herbicide-resistance)
should be more investigated in order to increase the knowledge on common ragweed.
Transcriptomic analyses are starting to be employed in USA to observe gene expression
related to adaptations and identify the genes of the “invasiveness”.
These new methods will now be promoted within the different European projects in
order to open the way of whole-genome sequencing of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in the future.
Keywords: Population genetics; Microsatellite markers; AFLP; Haplotype analysis;
Transcriptomic analyses
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Abstracts session 6
SESSION 6
HUMAN PERCEPTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS
Session Chair: Sarah Brunel & Hélia Marchante
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SESSION 6
HUMAN PERCEPTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS
Oral presentations
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Abstracts session 6
KEYNOTE
Voluntary Codes of Conduct for botanic gardens and the
horticultural trade to combat threats from invasive species
Vernon Heywood
School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
E-mail: v.h.heywood@reading.ac.uk
The world’s botanic gardens and the horticultural trade between them have been
responsible directly or indirectly for the introduction into cultivation of tens of thousands of
species. While the vast majority of these introductions have been beneficial, some of them
have shown characteristics that make them invasive in some regions and put native
vegetation and species at risk. The invasive pathways involved will be discussed.
Examples will be given of known introductions of invasive alien species through
botanic gardens in the past and in more recent times and an assessment made of the extent
to which the risk they pose may be under-reported.
Amongst the tools that can be deployed to counter such threats are Voluntary Codes
of Conduct and such codes have been prepared recently for both the horticultural trade and
botanic gardens in various parts of the world. The nature of these codes, methods of
implementing them and their successes and failures will be explored. Other market-based
instruments such as annual license fees or taxes on the importation of non-native species
will also be considered.
The importance of making the staff of botanic gardens and garden centres and the
public who visit them aware of the issues will be stressed and examples given of innovative
ways in which the messages are being got across.
Developments such as the increasing use of green roofs, living walls and xeriscaping
that may pose new threats by introducing potentially invasive species that are pre-adapted to
climatic warming will be discussed.
Keywords: Botanic gardens; Horticultural trade; Codes of conduct; Invasive species
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Abstracts session 6
Prioritization in invasive alien plant management.
How do you link the science to policy
Sheppard A.
Australian Department of Agriculture, CSIRO, Australia
E-mail (corresponding author): andy.Sheppard@csiro.au
Prioritization is an important component of tackling threatening processes like the
impacts of invasive plants. It needs to be applied to deciding which species, and invasion
pathways are most likely to lead to impacts, which of a number of management options are
likely to be most effective and it needs to be applied at a policy level to understand and
incorporate different public perceptions and values of what the biggest issues/threats are in
order to decide what society should do. It is much more than risk assessment. Prioritization is
therefore both a science-based and a societal tool for understanding where response should
be applied. In this paper we will explore what prioritization is in the context of the
management of invasive alien plants, how it is used by both scientists and society in decision
making and how it can be optimised to provide the most evidence based and objective
outcomes. Why is this important? One example is the Convention on Biological Diversity
Aichi target 9 that all signatory countries must enact by 2020. This target calls for the
prioritization of pathways and invasive alien species based on their likely “impacts”. But what
this exactly means is still being understood. We will try and clarify some of that
understanding.
Keywords: Prioritization; Impacts; Public perceptions; Policy
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Abstracts session 6
How to communicate on pests and invasive alien plants?
The experience from the European and Mediterranean Plant
Protection Organization
Brunel S.
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, EPPO
E-mail (corresponding author): sb@eppo.int
Despite the wealth of initiatives on pests and invasive alien plants in European and
Mediterranean countries, stakeholders and the general public are rarely aware of what pests
and invasive alien plants are and of the damage they cause. Raising the level of awareness
of the civil society is an indispensable step for political decisions and legislation to be taken
as well as influencing personal action.
The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), in
partnership with the Council of Europe and the IUCN ISSG organized a workshop to gather
experiences of communication actions. This workshop was entitled ‘How to communicate on
pests and invasive alien plants?’, and was held in Portugal on 2013-10-08/10 (see
http://archives.eppo.int/MEETINGS/2013_conferences/communication_pt.htm) and gathered
more than 65 participants from 25 countries. The workshop highlighted the wide array of
experiences on this issue.
The participants of this workshop recognized the importance of communication
actions in tackling pests and invasive alien plants, and the need for further collaboration
within the different sectors (e.g. plant health, the environment, the nursery industry) as well
as to develop interdisciplinary approaches involving social sciences.
In order to provide assistance to its member countries to communicate this issue,
EPPO released a poster aiming to raise awareness of the risks associated with moving
plants during international travel, and this poster should be placed in countries’ airports (see
http://www.eppo.int/News&Events/eppo_poster.html). EPPO also plans to provide
communication material on the emerging invasive alien plant Parthenium hysterophorus L.
(http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Alert_List/invasive_plants/Parthenium_hysterophorus.ht
m). Projects are also underway to enhance capacity building on media training.
Keywords: Communication; General public; Political decisions; Parthenium hysterophorus
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Abstracts session 6
Japanese knotweed versus the general public: the battle royale
Shaw R.H.
CABI E, UK
E-mail (corresponding author): r.shaw@cabi.org
Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) is now a well-known and well feared invasive
weed at least in the United Kingdom, but that was not always the case. This paper reviews
the history of the public perception of knotweed from its arrival as a prize-winning newcomer
to the horticultural scene to the most hated plant in Britain and one of the top 100 invasive
species in the world. This fall from grace happened over a considerable period of time but
this may happen for other weeds at a much faster rate with the current expansion of high
speed media. Nonetheless, this example provides lessons for us today.
The plant has been the subject of the “Natural Control of Japanese knotweed”
programme which was a pioneering one for Europe. The communication goals were not only
getting across the message that the plant is a pest that needs management but that a
solution could be the introduction of a “beneficial pest” – a difficult sell!
This presentation reviews the experiences of the team including the difficulties
encountered with getting these messages across. In truth the job was relatively easy
because Japanese knotweed has very few admirers or supporters and it was possible to
build consensus that using another non-native species (albeit a specialist beneficial) was and
remains a good idea despite this being a difficult novel concept to grasp. The conclusion is
drawn that nowadays a research team needs skills far beyond the scientific and the value of
media training and a good communications strategy cannot be understated.
Keywords: Public perception; Media; Communication strategy
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Abstracts session 6
How to define invasive plant for different sectors?
The way to a consensus
Guérin M.1, Mandon-Dalger I.2 & D. Provendier1
1
2
Plante & Cité, France
Fédération des Conservatoires Botaniques nationaux (FCBN), France
E-mail (corresponding author): maxime.guerin@plante-et-cite.fr
The control of invasive alien plants involves many stakeholders who need to act
together to run an efficient management of these species. To be effective, this kind of
approach needs that all the stakeholders understand the specific issues for each sector, by
using concepts shared by everyone. To facilitate this dialogue, surveys and semi-structured
interviews were conducted during 3 years to understand the terminology used by the
different sectors involved and to assess what they would expect from consensus lists of
invasive plants. Interviews were carried out with 186 professionals and experts from
conservation, landscape and horticulture sectors. The analysis of the replies allows to
identify areas of convergence and divergence and so, to develop proposals to improve
communication. A prioritization method is proposed, based on consensus reached for
different criteria (economic importance, benefits provide by the species) taking into account
positive and negative impacts of invasive plants.
Keywords: Stakeholders; Terminology; Consensus lists; Communication; Prioritization
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Human perceptions of biological invasions
Abstracts session 6
Reaching for allies: communicating on invasive species in Portugal
Gamela A.1, Morais M.1; Marchante E.1 & H. Marchante1,2
1
2
Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Departamento de Ambiente, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESAC, Portugal
Email (corresponding author): hmarchante@gmail.com
Invasoras.pt is a science communication project targeting different stakeholders and
the general public, aiming to raise awareness about invasive plants in Portugal. Made
available in February 2013, it has used online and offline communication strategies to reach
a wider audience both through digital multimedia/interactive content and face-to-face
workshops. Social media has taken a huge role in reaching new audiences, working as
broadcasting hub and promoting interactivity between specialists and engaged persons. One
of the core elements of this project is a citizen science platform where users can map
invasive plants in Portugal.
After one year of steady growth in website visits, social media connections and real
world interactions, the challenge to grow beyond the critical mass of peers and professionals
and find allies in the common citizens is still daunting. The team is undertaking a survey
regarding best habits and preferences to achieve a more effective level of communication, to
attain better results and response actions. What we've learned is that there are many ways to
convey the message and some do not work for all audiences.
Keywords: Public awareness; Citizen science; Invasives & media; Evaluation
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Abstracts session 6
Human perception and institutional aspects of ragweed control
Poortvliet M. & Schut M.
Wageningen University and Research Centre, the Netherlands
Email (corresponding author): marijn.poortvliet@wur.nl
Given the harmful features of ragweed for agriculture and public health, programs
have been initiated to control it – with limited success. Studies on ragweed control have
focused predominantly on the plant’s biological properties and economic, agronomic and
health impacts. We extend the understanding of the ragweed problem by highlighting (1) a
behavioral perspective on how people deal with ragweed and (2) by offering an institutional
and political analysis of ragweed control.
In initiatives to control ragweed, calls have been made on farmers, nature managers
and citizens to participate in fighting ragweed. However, such actions are only initiated by
people when they (1) recognize the plant to be harmful and (2) when they judge to be
susceptible of being exposed to the harm. Furthermore, control tendencies will only likely
take place when people (3) think that taking action will be effective and (4) when they
themselves feel confident to be able to take effective measures.
Also, such an individual-level analysis is most likely to be effective when taking into
account the broader institutional and political landscape in which pest control is embedded.
The institutional landscape includes the formal and informal ‘rules of the game’ that influence
how pest control is organized at local, country or regional level. The political landscape
includes collaborations between multiple stakeholders, their mutual dependencies, powerplays, and the effectiveness of their collaboration in terms of tackling current and future pest
problems. An integrated analysis that includes behavioral, institutional and political
dimensions of ragweed control can complement existing analyses.
Keywords: Ragweed control; Public perception; Institutional dimension
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Abstracts session 6
In the shade of a Farnesian acacia: introduction and diffusion
of a Mesoamerican species in Europe
Fernandes M.1, Rangan H.2 & N. Devy-Vareta1
1
CEGOT – Centro de Estudos de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território, Universidade do
Porto, Portugal
2
Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Email (corresponding author): mmfernand@gmail.com
Acacia farnesiana (= Vachellia farnesiana) has been recognized as a new botanical
species in 1625, from plants of Mesoamerican origin cultivated in the Roman gardens of the
Farnese family. It seems to have been the first New World acacia described in botanical
terms in Europe and it might have played a linking role, in conceptual and practical terms,
between the “ancient” acacias described by the Classics (namely Acacia nilotica and A.
seyal, currently ascribed to the genus Vachellia) and the “modern” acacias of Australian
origin, introduced in Europe since the late 18th century.
During the 16th century, some sources suggest that this Mesoamerican acacia was
not yet differentiated from Egyptian and Near East acacias, familiar to European scholars
through contacts with the Islamic culture, and descriptions included in late Medieval codices
and Renaissance books. By that time, seeds of the would-be Acacia farnesiana were being
transferred from its native range in Mexico and the Antilles to Europe, Asia and Africa, along
with other “new” plant species. Its early introduction in several locations can possibly be
regarded as one of the markers of the first regular network of transoceanic routes circuiting
the globe, in the second half of the 16th century, having reached Australia before the English
settlement of the 18th century. Currently, it is considered one of the most widespread
species of Acacia (sensu lato) and, in some specific situations, also involved in invasive
processes, namely in the Canary Islands and the Philippines.
Along with the role played by A. farnesiana in making the connection between ancient
and modern acacias, this presentation will focus on the geographical diffusion of this species
in SW Europe, from Portugal to Italy, exploring its current perception and representation.
Keywords: Acacia farnesiana; Farnese gardens; Introduction of exotic species; Historical
geography
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Abstracts session 6
SESSION 6
HUMAN PERCEPTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS
Posters
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Abstracts session 6
P6-82
Towards a strategy on invasive species in Provence-Alpes-Côte
d’Azur region (France)
Terrin E.
Conservatoire botanique national alpin & Conservatoire botanique national méditerranéen de
Porquerolles, France
Email (corresponding author): e.terrin@cbn-alpin.fr
In France, a regional strategy on invasive species in Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur
(PACA) region is carried out by two National Botanical Conservatoires (CBN Alpin and CBN
Méditerranéen de Porquerolles) at the initiative of the Minister of the Environment (DREAL
PACA) with the financial support of the PACA Region. Planned for two years (2013 – 2014),
its originality lies in the fact that it is elaborated with the participation all stakeholders
concerned by invasive species. In this way, local context, regional issues and stakeholders’
expectations will be considered into the regional strategy, in line with the guidelines of the
national strategy for biodiversity 2010-2020.
During last year, lists of invasive or potentially invasive species in PACA have been
elaborated at different scales (administrative and biogeographical scales). These lists are
intended to be used for the management of natural areas. A regional survey of different
professional sector (environment, agriculture, horticulture, forestry) has also been carried
out, with the aims to identify: (i) all stakeholders in the project area, (ii) their perception of
invasive species, (iii) their expectations and (iv) the elaboration of a regional assessment of
actions concerning invasive species. A Technical Committee composed of professional
representatives is set up to give an advisory opinion on methodological and technical
guidelines for the project. Three territorial workshops will be held in 2014. Further
expectations, local specificities, aims and actions of the strategy, the level of involvement of
each stakeholder, opportunities for collaboration and funding possibilities will be listed during
these workshops to formulate a regional strategy and an actions plan. A restitution seminar
will be provided at the end of this program.
Keywords: Regional strategy; Invasive species lists; Stakeholders’ perception
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Abstracts session 6
P6-83
Using the invasive plant Dichrostachys cinerea L.
as an energy crop in Cuba: An elegant way
to encourage farmers to mechanically control it
Fernández M., Menéndez J., Alaejos J. & R. Tapias
Universidad de Huelva, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, Spain
Email (corresponding author): manuel.fernandez@dcaf.uhu.es
The Marabou weed (Dichrostachys cinerea L. Wight & Arn.), a woody shrub introduced in
Cuba during the 19th century, has become an invasive species difficult to control. Currently, it
grows on more than 1.25 Million ha (i.e. 20% of the Cuban arable land) or 12% of the
national territory. It has great potential as an energy crop because it is a perennial crop that
does not require annual reseeding and many agricultural inputs. Taking into account an
approximate yield of more than 30 t ha-1, an estimated of more than 35 Mt of biomass could
be produced. The wood and pellet physicochemical properties were assessed and compared
to other woody species used for energy crops. Its good chemical composition (46.5% C,
6.2% H, 0.7% N, 0.04% Cl, 0.08% S, 40% cellulose, 21% hemicellulose, 30% lignin), its high
wood density (0.83 g cm- ) and its fuel properties (4509 kcal kg-1 high heat value, 2.9% ash
content) allow industrial, and probably domestic, energy use. The wood pellets had good
standard properties (690 kg m-3 bulk density, 4.2% moisture, 0.1% amount of fines).
However, the mechanical durability (93.9%) was slightly below the minimum value required
for non-industrial use. So, the addition of a binding agent (e.g. 1-2% potato flour) during the
production process should be assessed for improving it. The energy use of Marabou could
encourage the bushwood harvesting as mechanical control, but a better understanding of the
impact on the soil should be necessary to guarantee the sustainability of the agro-forestry
systems.
Keywords: Solid biofuel; Pellets; Invasive plant; Sustainable management
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New tools for WRA and for EDRR
Abstracts session 7
SESSION 7
NEW TOOLS FOR WEED RISK ASSESSMENT (WRA)
AND FOR EARLY DETECTION AND RAPID
RESPONSES (EDRR)
Session Chair: Andy Sheppard,
Giuseppe Brundu & Isabelle Mandon-Dalger
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Abstracts session 7
SESSION 7
NEW TOOLS FOR WEED RISK ASSESSMENT (WRA)
AND FOR EARLY DETECTION AND RAPID
RESPONSES (EDRR)
Oral presentations
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New tools for WRA and for EDRR
Abstracts session 7
KEYNOTE
Weed eradication: feasibility and programme evaluation
Dane Panetta
Melbourne School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Australia
E-mail: dane.panetta@gmail.com
Eradication is an attractive management option for newly invading and potentially
serious weeds. Given success, eradication is generally the most cost-effective management
strategy. However, it is usually costly and may require a substantial 'up front' investment. For
these reasons it is important to determine how difficult (expensive) eradication may be before
committing to such an undertaking. In this talk I will outline an approach to the assessment of
eradication feasibility, illustrating this with species comprising a variety of life forms and
histories.
Once committed to eradication, it is essential to determine on a regular basis whether
the goal of eradication is being approached (and at what rate) since, in the absence of
rigorous evaluation, a programme may easily evolve into an open-ended control effort. Two
methods for assessing progress towards eradication are presented, with models
parameterised using data from recent Australian programmes targeting branched broomrape
(Phelipanche mutellii) and chromolaena (Chromolaena odorata) in South Australia and far
north Queensland, respectively.
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Abstracts session 7
Harmonia+: a rapid risk-screening procedure for alien species
D’hondt B.1,2, Vanderhoeven S.1,3, Roelandt S.4, Mayer F.5, Versteirt V.6,
Ducheyne E.6, San Martin G.7, Grégoire J.-C.5, Stiers I.8,
Quoilin S.9 & E. Branquart3
1
Belgian Biodiversity Platform, Belgium
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Belgium
3
Service Public de Wallonie, Belgium
4
Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Belgium
5
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
6
Avia-GIS, Belgium
7
Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Belgium
8
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
9
Belgian Scientific Institute for Public Health, Belgium
2
E-mail (corresponding author): b.dhondt@ugent.be
Before prevention or early eradication of invasive plants can take place, it is essential
to first identify those species that pose the highest risks. Given the huge and still-increasing
number of species that become transported, such a prioritization must allow for a high
number of species to be assessed in a relatively short time.
For Belgium, Branquart (2007) launched a scheme that allowed to quickly screen the
spread capacity of species and their environmental impacts (ISEIA protocol). Yet, during the
years, this scheme was found to unsatisfactorily cover several issues, and the challenge was
therefore to refine this scheme further yet retain its simplicity.
We therefore constructed a rapid risk-screening procedure named Harmonia+. The
protocol assembles 30 key questions on a particular species, the answers to which need to
be provided by one or more experts. The questions refer to the species’ risks for (1)
introduction, (2) establishment, (3) spread and (4) impacts, the latter of which are subdivided
into impacts on (4a) environmental, (4b) plant, (4c) animal and (4d) human health. The
answers are ordinally scaled, and this allows to put these risks into scores, and thus, to rank
and prioritize species.
Harmonia+ has come about through the collaboration of eight Belgian scientific
institutes. Two panels of (inter)national experts provided comments and input, one panel of
which completed an anonymous survey, and deemed the protocol to be clear, consistent,
complete and useful.
Harmonia+ can be consulted at http://ias.biodiversity.be/harmoniaplus.
Keywords: Prioritization; Belgium; Risk-screening tool
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Abstracts session 7
Predicting the invasion potential of alien plant species in Portugal
using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment
Morais M.1, Marchante E.1 & H. Marchante1,2
1
2
Centre for Functional Ecology/Department of Life Sciences/University of Coimbra, Portugal
Departamento de Ambiente/ Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESAC, Portugal
E-mail (corresponding author): hmarchante@gmail.com
It is well recognized that invasion by alien plants has serious adverse impacts on
biodiversity and ecosystem services, as well as other economic and social impacts.
However, predicting which plant species will become invasive remains a great challenge.
Many countries in the world have already adopted a Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) scheme
with the purpose to identify potential invasive plant species, prevent their spread and reduce
their damaging effects. One of the most well-developed and successful predictive scheme is
the Australian WRA that has shown to perform consistently across varied geographies and
climates.
In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of adapting the Australian WRA
scheme to the Portuguese conditions. Our aim was to evaluate the reliability of this scheme
to predict invasiveness of alien flora in Portugal and propose adaptations to turn it more fit to
local conditions. To achieve this, two sets of plant species were analyzed: one set included
all plant species considered invasive by the Portuguese legislation (i.e., Decreto-Lei nº
565/99 of 21 December 1999, which lists invasive species based on expert opinion) while the
other set included a number of randomly selected alien (not invasive) plant species that are
known to occur in the country. The results obtained will be discussed emphasizing their
usefulness in preventing the spread of potentially invasive plants and for setting
management priorities.
Keywords: Weed Risk Assessment; Invasive plant species lists in legislation; Naturalized
and casual species
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1 2 New tools for WRA and for EDRR
Abstracts session 7
The Implemetation of the Prioritization Process for Invasive Alien
Plants in the Balkan Countries
Marisavljevi D.
Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Serbia
E-mail (corresponding author): marisavljevicd@yahoo.com
Area of the Balkan peninsula - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, FYR
Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia characterized by a highly diverse flora and
significant level of plant endemism, agriculture and tourism are very important,and because
of that the problem of invasive alien plants is potentially a highly significant one and the
system of dealing with it requires radical improvement. Bearing this in mind, it is necessary
for these countries to become actively involved in the work of the EPPO (European and
Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) Panel on Invasive Alien Plants.
In order to make the first steps in forming a strategy for the Balkans, current national
invasive alien plant lists were considered. This showed that the problem of creating these
lists is very complex and in forming them, researchers have often followed their personal
opinions, without a unified and predefined criteria defining invisibility, it only emphasized the
significance of the Prioritization process for invasive alien plants. Its application would enable
a data exchange and harmonization of results for different countries, thus facilitating the
standardization of the entire process. The application of this process for the area of Balkans
was performed by researchers from this region, and it involved 12 potentially invasive plant
species, in the end giving us the seemingly simple answer on the invasibility of the chosen
species. Even though this was just a foundation for further work, the application of the
Prioritization process for invasive alien species as a standardized procedure proved it to be
highly significant in practice.
Keywords: EPPO prioritization process; Balkan Peninsula; Invasive alien plant lists
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
New tools for WRA and for EDRR
Abstracts session 7
Assessing the invasiveness of plant species from China
H. Wang1, Y. G. Bai1 and R. J. Wang2
1
2
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canada
E-mail (corresponding author): huw143@mail.usask.ca
Invasive plants in crops and pastures cost an estimated 2.2 billion dollars annually in
Canada due to damage and weed control. The potential of contamination by invasive plant
species may affect Canadian agricultural and ecological systems. Agricultural importation
from China to Canada has increased rapidly in recent years. However, little is known about
ecological and biological characteristics of these Chinese plant species. The main objective
of this project is to determine the invasive potential of plant species from China growing in
regions that are climatically similar to Canadian Prairie provinces.
Seeds of 169 plant species were collected from China. Fifty-seven species that are
not currently found in Canada were evaluated using a modified Weed Risk Assessment
(WRA) model. Fifty-four species were confirmed to be invasive, and the remaining three
species require future evaluation.
The top 20 species from the WRA model were tested for germination at five
alternating temperature regimes with amplitude of 10 °C in 12h/12h light/darkness to
establish the base temperature (Tb) and thermal time (TH) requirements. Six species had
significant dormancy, such as Plantago asiatica, Amethystea caerulea, and Turczaninowia
fastigiata with the potential to develop persistent soil seed banks. The base temperature (Tb)
for germination ranged from -2.4 (Artemisia sieversiana) to 12.4 °C (Chenopodium aristatum)
and thermal time (TH) requirements varied greatly among the species tested.
Results from this project provide baseline information about the potential
invasiveness of these species in Canada and help with the development of strategies to
prevent and control their expansion in Canada.
Keywords: Weed risk assessment; Plant invasion; Base temperature; Thermal time model,
Seed dormancy, Canada
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
New tools for WRA and for EDRR
Abstracts session 7
Impact of alien plants in Europe on environment and socioeconomy: towards a unified system used for prioritization
Marková Z.1,2,Vilà M.3, Pergl J.1, Pyšek P.1,2 & W. Nentwig4
1
Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany ASCR, Czech Republic
Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
3
Doñana Biological Station, Spain
4
Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Switzerland
2
E-mail (corresponding author): zuzana.markova@ibot.cas.cz
Biological invasions cause serious impacts, both environmental and economic.
Despite decades of intensive research on individual invasive species and their invasiveness,
rigorous studies exploring the impacts of invasive species in Europe have only started to
appear in the last decade. Among these, there are several studies focused on quantifying the
impacts of alien animals by using the similar impact scoring systems. However, a similar
assessment of the impacts of alien plants is still lacking.
We used a scoring system based on 12 categories, six of which refer to
environmental and six refer to economic impacts. In each category the species can reach a
score, reflecting the level of its impact. The score varies from 0 (no impact) to 5 (highest
impact) depending on the magnitude of impacts. All levels of impact within categories are
precisely defined and described, thus the scoring is an objective, transparent and repeatable
procedure. The scoring system used for plants was unified with previously existing systems
developed for animals making it a comprehensive standard tool to translate facts from
scientific journals to policymakers and managers. It can also be used as a tool for
prioritization of species for management.
We present results from scoring of impact of 128 European alien plants mentioned in
DAISIE database. The scoring was done by exploring primary literature such as case studies
of impacts of individual species, and other sources. Rankeing species according to impact
revealed that Arundo donax, Acacia longifolia and Lantana camara are top invaders in
Europe in terms of environmental impacts, while Abutilon theophrasti, Crassula helmsii and
Elodea canadensis are top invaders in terms of economic impacts.
Keywords: Impact; Scoring system; Environment; Economy; Management; Prioritization;
alien plants; Invasion
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
New tools for WRA and for EDRR
Abstracts session 7
Early detection: from the regional to the national level
Mandon-Dalger I.1, Petit Y.2, Chabrol L.3, Caze G.4, Lavergne C.5,Watterlot A.6,
Vuillemenot M.7, Nobiliaux S.8, Geslin J.9, Terrin E.10,11, Dao J.12 & A. Just1
1
Fédération des Conservatoires Botaniques Nationaux, France
CBN Corse, France
3
CBN Massif Central, France
4
CBN Sud Atlantique, France
5
CBN Mascarin, France
6
CBN Bailleul, France
7
CBN Franche Comté, France
8
CBN Bassin Parisien, France
9
CBN Brest, France
10
CBN Méditerranéen, France
11
CBN Alpin, France
12
CBN Pyrénées-Midi-Pyrénées, France
2
E-mail (corresponding author): isabelle.mandon@fcbn.fr
Implementing a preventive strategy against invasive plants in France requires
improvement of the current system of data sharing. The recent example of early detection of
Japanese Knotweed in Corsica has shown that species known to have negative impacts
already present on the French territory are easier to detect, and reporting is quicker, than for
exotic species not yet known to cause negative impacts. Nonetheless, building an efficient
national survey system, as required under new European regulatory project on Invasive Alien
Species (IAS), requires reliable, exhaustive, homogeneous and updateable information. An
aggregation of the data across French regions led to a map published by the Federation of
the National Botanical Conservatories (FCBN). This system, available for consultation online, delivers species distribution maps for France (rural and urban districts) based on 10 by
10 km square plots. In order to provide early detection alerts for IAS in France, actions are in
progress to improve the way new taxa are registered in the national reference table, to
harmonize terminologies and local typologies. Elements that could be useful to register alerts
of new incursions are included. As these data come from multiple stakeholders, groups of
experts have been setup to validate the data and maps and to make sure the edited
information is compatible with existing data and makes sense in relation to the known
distribution of the species. Thresholds of species occurrence and sampling issues in relation
to the different stages of naturalization are discussed.
Keywords: Invasive plants; Information system; Early detection; Maps; Validation
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New tools for WRA and for EDRR
Abstracts session 7
Warning network and tools for detection of new biological
invasions in Reunion Island
Triolo J.1, Lavergne C.2, Nativel N.1, Caceres S.3, Richarson M.4, Pothin K.5,
Sanchez M.6, Couzi F.-X.7 & C. Julliot8
1
Office National des Forêts de La Réunion, France
Conservatoire Botanique National de Mascarin, France
3
Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage de La Réunion, France
4
Fédération départementale de pêche de La Réunion, France
5
Réserve Marine Nationale de La Réunion, France
6
Nature Océan Indien, France
7
Société d'Etude Ornithologique de La Réunion, France
8
Direction de l'Environnement, de l'Aménagement et du Logement de La Réunion, France
2
E-mail (corresponding author): catherine.julliot@developpement-durable.gouv.fr
When a potentially invasive species is introduced in a native or non-native habitat,
early detection coupled with rapid response (EDRR) can prevent their spread and avoid the
high costs related to their eradication. The eradication from an entire territory, is not always
possible to achieve but it can also be focused areas of major conservation importance.
From 2003, the National Forest Department of Reunion Island initiated an early
detection system of new invasive plants for the State forest. From 2003 to 2010, 383 reports
have been recorded, concerning 154 non-native plants. From 2009 to 2013, the National
Park recorded about 500 reports concerning more than 80 plant species.
The databases have now been transferred to a new specific database connected to
the regional Flora database “Mascarine Cadetiana™”, that all conservation officers and
natural area managers will be soon be able directly to add information allowing rapid
response implementation and the associated actions.
This new database is also accessible through the “Reunion Invasive Species Group”
website (GEIR - http://www.especesinvasives.re) where the reporting form can be filled
online. Public involvement, however, requires a validation system of any submitted data. A
network of experts, for each taxa group (plants, terrestrial vertebrates, invertebrates, aquatic
organisms, marine organisms) has been set up to validate such submissions. To engage
more people and gain broader public interest, a few selected target species will be presented
on the website and classified using the ISEIA protocol, with a maximum of ten target species
per category (e.g. tree, shrub, ).
Keywords: Reunion Island; Early detection; Rapid response; Invasive species; Database.
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
New tools for WRA and for EDRR
Abstracts session 7
IT&C and citizen science for a better management of weeds
in the Western Indian Ocean Region
Le Bourgeois T.1, Grard P.2, Balasubramanian D. 2, Ramesh B.R. 2, Gaungoo
A.3, Andrianaivo A.P.4, Randriamampianina J.A.4, Yahaya I.5 & P. Marnotte1
1
CIRAD, France
IFP, India
3
MCIA/MSIRI, Mauritius
4
FOFIFA, Madagascar
5
CNDRS, Comoros
2
E-mail (corresponding author): thomas.le_bourgeois@cirad.fr
Increasing agricultural productivity faces challenges from multiple factors, significant
of them being weed infestations. Weeds are responsible for a minimum of 20% loss of
harvests in food and cash crops. Efficient control of weeds requires identification, effective
control methods, and dissemination of current data to increase awareness among all actors.
A collaborative project has been initiated to provide a participatory platform and a range of
tools to support these actions.
WIKWIO: Weed Identification and Knowledge in the Western Indian Ocean aims to
develop a suite of science-based, computer-driven tools. A combination of applications will
be developed:
-The participatory portal from which 1) The public can consult species information, and
upload observations; 3) Members can share and manage species data;
-IDAO application which utilises computer-aided plant identification;
This toolkit will facilitate the sharing of information from actors such as scientists,
teachers, agronomists, extension staff, field workers and farmers and to disseminate
compiled information to stakeholders in charge of the management of weeds.
All tools can be used from the portal (http://portal.wikwio.org).
WIKWIO covers 320 weeds of 14 food or cash crops of the area. Since no single
actor or institution can study everything on weeds, the contribution of all to the knowledge of
species is essential. By assisting with the identification of weeds and facilitating the sharing
of information between interested parties, WIKWIO will promote sustainable agriculture and
will contribute to capacity strengthening of local institutions. This project is funded by ACP
S&T programme of the European Union.
Keywords: Weed management; Global database; Identification; IDAO; Data sharing; Citizen
science; NTIC; Network.
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 1
New tools for WRA and for EDRR
Abstracts session 7
Environmental risk assessment in support to plant health
– the experience from EFSA
S. Tramontini1, G. Schrader2 & Gilioli G.3
1
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Italy
Julius Kühn-Insitute, Germany
3
DMMT, University of Brescia, Italy
2
E-mail (corresponding author): Sara.TRAMONTINI@efsa.europa.eu
The EFSA Plant Health (PLH) Panel started its activity in summer 2006. Its mission is
to support European decision-makers with scientific advice on the risk posed by harmful
species (including both plant pests and pest plants) which threaten crop production and
biodiversity in Europe. In 2011 the PLH Panel developed its own methodology for assessing
the environmental risks posed by invasive alien species (IAS) that may enter, establish and
spread in the EU as part of the pest risk assessment process (EFSA PLH Panel, 2011). This
approach includes both the structural and functional components of the threatened
environment: (i) structural components are interpreted in terms of impacts of the IAS on
genetic, species and landscape diversity, and (ii) functional components are evaluated by
estimating how the IAS modifies ecosystem services throughout the alteration of the
functional traits of a given ecosystem. A scenario analysis is required in order to define
spatial and temporal resolution of the assessment and characteristics of the considered
environment (Gilioli et al., 2014). This theoretical approach appears in line with the proposal
for amendment of the EU phytosanitary (plant health) regime published in May 2013, where
the relevance of impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services is highlighted
(COM/2013/0267). The scheme has been recently tested on an environmental impact for the
apple snail Pomacea sp (EFSA PLH Panel, 2014) and is under consideration by other EFSA
Panels dealing with assessments of environmental impacts produced by different stressors
(in particular GMOs and pesticides).
Keywords: Environmental risk; Invasive alien species (IAS); Ecosystem services; Functional
and structural biodiversity; Service-providing units
199
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200
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New tools for WRA and for EDRR
Abstracts session 7
SESSION 7
NEW TOOLS FOR WEED RISK ASSESSMENT (WRA)
AND FOR EARLY DETECTION AND RAPID
RESPONSES (EDRR)
Posters
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014
201 201
New tools for WRA and for EDRR
Abstracts session 7
P7-84
New potentially invasive kenophytes in Poland
Zajac M.W. & A. Zajac
Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Poland
E-mail (corresponding author): maria.zajac@uj.edu.pl
The arrival of new alien species in Poland could be commonly observed in recent
years. They are mostly found as already established and not in the stage of ephemerophytes
(i.e. casual alien). Fifteen species recorded as established in recent years have been chosen
for further analysis. Many of them have presently a scattered distribution in Poland, but seem
to be expanding in the nearest neighbourhoods. Most of them are cultivated for ornamental
purposes. Frequent transitions can be observed from the stage of an ephemerophyte into a
kenophyte, accompanied by a rapid proliferation of the species within a wide variety of
habitats, including semi-natural and natural ones.
Because of a decreasing number of regional floristic monographies in Poland, the
new arrivals of alien species are often reported not before they have begun to spread within
native plant communities, e.g. when periodically monitoring protected areas. Such a situation
requires both researches on the synanthropic flora covering large areas and a regulation
(including trade bans) on the cultivation of those alien species which are invasive in other
European countries with a similar climate.
Keywords: New kenophytes; Poland
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 202 New tools for WRA and for EDRR
Abstracts session 7
P7-85
Ambrosia trifida L. in France: current distribution and ecological
knowledge. Towards an eradication of the species?
Martinez Q.1, Rodriguez A.2, Fried G.3 & B. Chauvel4,1
1
Observatoire des Ambroisies, INRA Dijon UMR1347 Agroécologie, France
ACTA, Station inter-instituts, France
3
Anses, Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité entomologie et plantes invasives,
France
4
INRA Dijon, UMR1347 Agroécologie, France
2
E-mail: observatoire.ambroisie@dijon.inra.fr
Giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) is an annual plant belonging to Asteraceae,
originating from North America. It was introduced in France in the early twentieth century.
Originally described as a ruderal plant, Ambrosia trifida was recently reported in agricultural
areas (maize and soybean) in the region Midi-Pyrénées. Beyond the potential public health
issue, this species is a major invasive weed in North America, its native area.
That is why a question arises about the future trend of the species in France. Can we
expect a low ability of the species to adapt the French habitats and land-uses, with a low
probability of naturalization? Viceversa, should we consider leading a management program,
before it colonizes different habitats where its management would be much more
complicated?
Data acquired in 2013 seems to support the hypothesis that giant ragweed
eradication in France could be a realistic medium-term objective.
Keywords: Ambrosia trifida; Invasive species; Monitoring programs; Herbarium; pollen;
Allergies
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Abstracts session 7
P7-86
DNA barcoding as identification tool for EU regulated plant pests
and invasive plants: the preparation and validation of an EPPO
standard
van de Vossenberg B.1*, Hodgetts J.2, Westenberg M.1, Botermans M.1,
Maes M.3 & J. van Valkenburg1
1
National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO-NL), The Netherlands
Food and Environmental Research Agency (Fera), United Kingdom
3
Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Belgium
2
E-mail (corresponding author): b.t.l.h.van.de.vossenberg@minlnv.nl
The EUPHRESCO DNA barcoding project aims to collect, harmonize and validate
DNA barcode protocols for the identification of EU regulated arthropods, bacteria, fungi,
invasive plants, nematodes and phytoplasmas. DNA barcoding is a generic diagnostic
method that uses a short standardized genetic marker in an organism's DNA to aid species
identification. In case of plant pests and invasive plants one or multiple loci are used for
identification. DNA barcoding protocols for arthropods, bacteria, fungi, nematodes and
phytoplasmas were developed within the Quarantine organisms Barcoding Of Life (QBOL)
project financed by 7th Framework Program of the European Union. After the finalization of
the QBOL project, DNA barcoding protocols were made available through the regulated plant
pest and invasive plants database Q-bank (www.q-bank.eu). New protocols for bacteria,
invasive plants and fungi were added to Q-bank. Within the EUPHRESCO DNA barcoding
project, a diagnostic European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO)
standard with the available DNA barcoding protocols will be prepared. DNA barcoding
protocols will be optimized and harmonized to make them more user-friendly. Apart from test
specific information, guidelines for consensus sequence preparation and output interpretation
of database searching will be provided. The usability of the EPPO standard will be
determined through an international inter laboratory test performance study (TPS).
Diagnostic sensitivity, repeatability and robustness will be determined to demonstrate if the
EPPO standard is fit for purpose.
Keywords: Validation; DNA barcoding; Test performance study; Plant pests and invasive
plants; EPPO standard
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Abstracts session 7
P7-87
Continuous changing of the botanical garden’s native flora
through invasion of alien species
Vinogradova Y.K.1, Mayorov S.R.2 & V.D. Bochkin1
1
2
Main botanical garden Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Lomonosov State University, Russia
E-mail (corresponding author): gbsad@mail.ru
The Main Botanic Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences was established in
the northern part of Moscow in 1945. Between 1945 and 1949 the construction of the territory
(garden?) was carried out, but no standard collections were created before 1949. The
comparative analysis of the floristic checklists (native species only) of the Main Botanic
Garden (Moscow, Russia) of 1949 and 2014 (vascular plants only) was carried out within this
research. In 1949 485 species were recorded within the land covered by the garden (360
hectares): 460 native species, 10 species escaped from cultivation, 5 alien species (weeds)
and 10 species under cultivation. With the exception of the cultivated species (more than 6,
000 taxa, at the moment), at present the botanic garden’s flora comprises 859 species. Most
of them (520) are native species and 288 species escaped from cultivation. Fifty alien weeds
were detected in the Botanic Garden’s territory. Thus, the alien component of the Botanic
Garden’s flora accounts for 338 taxa, i.e., 23 times more than in1949. A brief synopsis of the
alien species is presented. The ranking of the invasive status is provided, according to the
categories implemented in the European botanic gardens consortium project “Sharing
information and policy on the potentially invasive plants in Botanic Gardens”. About one half
of the alien weeds, invading botanical garden’s territory can be classified as transformers.
The first estimation of species’ invasive potential is provided with the purpose of preventing
the introduction of potentially invasive alien species.
Keywords: Botanic garden; Alien species
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Abstracts session 7
P7-88
Preliminary results of the eradication efforts
of alien hogweeds in Estonia
Linder M.
The Environmental Board of Estonia, Nature Conservation Department, Estonia
E-mail (corresponding author): Madli.Linder@keskkonnaamet.ee
A noteworthy increase of range invaded by the phototoxic and noxious giant hogweed
(Heracleum mantegazzianum) and Sosnowsky's hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi) has
occurred since 1960’s in Estonia. These alien hogweeds are listed as invasive species likely
to disrupt natural balance according to the regulation of the Minister of the Environment of
Estonia. Since 2005, systematic eradication, based on the national management plan of
alien hogweeds, has been implemented by the Environmental Board of Estonia. Over 99% of
the mapped area occupied by alien hogweed colonies is under eradication effort each year.
Although so far many of the hogweed colonies can be accounted as removed, at the same
time the area invaded by alien hogweeds is continually enlarging (235 ha in 2005, 2,051 ha
in 2014). This is probably due not only to the spread of the hogweeds but rather to the
increasing public awareness. The annual estimations of the effectiveness of the eradication
works have shown that the density of hogweed stands takes at least 4–5 years to decrease
significantly. The persistent seed bank (seeds can germinate after 7 years) is a serious
hindrance to effective eradication. Therefore, the consistency and soundness of the
eradication is the key for success, as one year of renewed seed production gives a setback
for several years.
Keywords: Alien hogweeds; Giant hogweed; Sosnowsky's hogweed; Management plan;
Effectiveness of eradication effort
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Abstracts session 7
P7-89
Progress towards eradication of an emerging invasive
succulent in South Africa
Lalla R.
South African National Biodiversity institute, South Africa
E-mail (corresponding author): r.lalla@sanbi.org.za
Furcraea foetida is one of eight Agavaceae species that have naturalized in South
Africa. Although present in four provinces, its distribution range is comparatively limited and
local Agavaceae experts believe that with sustained effort the species could be eradicated
from South Africa. In 2012 the South African National Biodiversity Institute’s Invasive Species
Programme (SANBI ISP) initiated a large-scale management project on F. foetida. More than
18 000 plants were cleared in 50 days by a team of twelve people in KwaZulu-Natal, a
province of South Africa, at a cost of R163 000 (~ €10 200). A second clearing effort initiated
in early 2014 resulted in 8 000 more plants being cleared to date. Here we report on the
SANBI ISP efforts to raise awareness, encourage reporting by local residents in the target
areas, build stakeholder collaboration and conduct roadside surveys in hotspot regions, all of
which led to a significant increase in detection. The feasibility of eradicating this species from
South Africa will be discussed with reference to the data collected so far and the lessons we
have learned.
Keywords: Invasive succulent; Agavaceae; Early detection and rapid response
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Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, 2014 List of participants LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
211
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 20 Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, 2014 ALBA Christina
Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic
CZECH REPUBLIC
christina.alba@ibot.cas.cz
ALGANS Emilie
Fredon
FRANCE
sig.fredonlr@orange.fr
ARRIAGADA Jorge
St. Cloud State University
USA
jearriagada@stcloudstate.edu
AUGÉ Matthew
USDA-ARS-EBCL
FRANCE
mauge@ars-ebcl.org
BALEŽENTIENÉ Ligita
ASU
LITHUANIA
ligitaba@gmail.com
BARLOY Dominique
Agrocampus Ouest
FRANCE
dominique.barloy@agrocampus-ouest.fr
BELAUD Aurélien
FRANCE
belaud.aurelien@gmail.com
BESTER Dirk
Stellenbosch University
SOUTH AFRICA
dirkwbester@yahoo.com
BETETA MERINO Estela
Ihobe
SPAIN
estela.beteta@ihobe.net
BIRNBAUM Christina
Murdoch University
AUSTRALIA
c.birnbaum@murdoch.edu.au
BOHREN Christian
Agroscope
SWITZERLAND
christian.bohren@agroscope.admin.ch
List of participants BON Marie-Claude USDA-ARS-EBCL
FRANCE
mcbon@ars-ebcl.org
CEPLOVÁ Natálie
Masaryk University
CZECH REPUBLIC
ceplova@ped.muni.cz
BOUDIAF Imène
Badji Mokhtar University
ALGERIA
imenbiotec@hotmail.com
CHAUVEL Bruno
Inra
FRANCE
bruno.chauvel@dijon.inra.fr
BRANQUART Étienne
Cellule interdpt Espèces invasives
BELGIUM
etienne.branquart@spw.wallonie.be
BRUNDU Giuseppe
University of Sassari
ITALY
gbrundu@tin.it
BRUNEL Sarah
EPPO
FRANCE
sb@eppo.int
BZDEGA Katarzyna
University of Silesia
POLAND
katarzyna.bzdega@us.edu.pl
CABRA RIVAS Isabel
Universidad de Alcala
SPAIN
isabel.cabra@edu.uah.es
CABRERA WALSH Guillermo
FuEDEI
ARGENTINA
gcabrera@fuedei.org
CAFFREY Joe
Inland Fisheries Ireland
IRELAND
joe.caffrey@fisheriesireland.ie
CAÑO Lidia
University of the Basque Country
SPAIN
lidia.cano@ehu.es
CHEPTOU Pierre-Olivier
CEFE-CNRS
FRANCE
pierre-olivier.cheptou@cefe.cnrs.fr
CHRISTIAN Sheree
Ministry for Primary Industries
NEW ZEALAND
sheree.christian@mpi.govt.nz
COLIN Marie
Cerema/DTecITM
FRANCE
martine.boddaert@cerema.fr
COUTINOT Dominique
USDA-ARS-EBCL
FRANCE
dcoutinot@ars-ebcl.org
CRAWLEY Mick
Imperial College London
UNITED KINGDOM
m.crawley@imperial.ac.uk
CRISTOFARO Massimo
ENEA
ITALY
massimo.cristofaro.cas@enea.it
D’HONDT Bram
Royal Belgian Institute for Natural
Sciences
BELGIUM
b.dhondt@biodiversity.be
CARRÉ Cécile
FRANCE
cecile.carre@hotmail.fr
DAO Jérome
CBN des Pyrénnées
FRANCE
jerome.dao@cbnpmp.fr
CASTELLS Eva
Autonomous University of Barcelona
SPAIN
eva.castells@uab.cat
DE OLIVEIRA Alexandre Bosco
Universidade Federal do Ceará
BRAZIL
alexandrebosco@ufc.br
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 210 Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, 2014 List of participants DE SIMONE Daniele
BBCA
ITALY
danieledesimone74@gmail.com
FERNANDES Manuel
CEGOT
PORTUGAL
mmfernand@gmail.com
HATCHER Paul
University of Reading
UNITED KINGDOM
p.e.hatcher@reading.ac.uk
DÉCHAMP Chantal
AFEDA
FRANCE
afeda@wanadoo.fr
FRIED Guillaume
Anses
FRANCE
guillaume.fried@anses.fr
HAURY Jacques
Inra - UMR ESE
FRANCE
jacques.haury@agrocampus-ouest.fr
GALKINA Maria
Main Botanical Garden
Russian Ac. Sci
RUSSIA
mawa.galkina@gmail.com
HENDRIKX Pascal
Anses
FRANCE
pascal.hendrikx@anses.fr
DELTORO Vicente
VAERSA-Generalitat Valenciana
SPAIN
invasoras@gva.es
DEROI Charles
GECO Ingénierie
FRANCE
charles.deroi@geco-ingenierie.fr
DESCHAMPS Suzie
MEDDE
FRANCE
suzie.deschamps@i-carre.net
DIEUDONNÉ Clémence
FRANCE
clemence.dieudonne@laposte.net
DJEDDOUR Djamila
CABI
UNITED KINGDOM
d.djeddour@cabi.org
GASKIN John
USDA-ARS
USA
john.gaskin@ars.usda.gov
GAUTHIER François
Hydro-Quebec
CANADA
gauthier.francois.j@hydro.qc.ca
GENTILI Rodolfo
Milan-Bicocca University
ITALY
rodolfo.gentili@unimib.it
HERNANDEZ M Cristina
FuEDEI
ARGENTINA
crishernandez@fuedei.org
HERRERA Mercedes
University of the Basque Country
SPAIN
meme.herrera@ehu.es
HEYWOOD Vernon
University of Reading
UNITED KINGDOM
vhheywood@btinternet.com
GRANT Jerome
University of Tennessee
USA
jgrant@utk.edu
HOLT Harvey
Green Systems Analytics, LLC
USA
holth@purdue.edu
GUÉRIN Maxime
Plante & Cité
FRANCE
maxime.guerin@plante-et-cite.fr
ISMAIL Mohannad
Rhodes University
SOUTH AFRICA
mohannadsyr@hotmail.fr
GUERMACHE Fatiha
EBCL-USDA
FRANCE
fguermache@ars-ebcl.org
JAMES Rosalind
USDA
USA
rosalind.james@ars.usda.gov
ERNST Dieter
Helmholtz Zentrum München
GERMANY
ernst@helmholtz-muenchen.de
HARDION Laurent
Aix-Marseille Université
FRANCE
laurent.hardion@imbe.fr
JIMENEZ RUIZ Jesus
INIA
SPAIN
ambientologojaen@gmail.com
F. ARAGON Cristina
Universidad de Alcala
SPAIN
cristina.aragonf@uah.es
HART Sylvie
IRD
FRANCE
sylvie.hart@ird.fr
JONES Kate
CABI
UNITED KINGDOM
k.jones@cabi.org
DOMEYNE Danièle
Tela-Botanica
FRANCE
daniele@tela-botanica.org
EHRET Pierre
Ministère en charge de l’Agriculture
FRANCE
pierre.ehret@agriculture.gouv.fr
ENDRISS Stacy
Colorado State University
USA
stacy.endriss@rams.colostate.edu
213
4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 210 Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, 2014 List of participants JOURDAN Mireille
CSIRO European Laboratory
FRANCE
mireille.jourdan@csiro-europe.org
KULAKOVA Yuliana All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center
RUSSIA
thymus73@mail.ru
LOSOSOVÁ Zdenka
Masaryk University
CZECH REPUBLIC
lososova@sci.muni.cz
JUÁREZ-ESCARIO Alejandro
University of Lleida
SPAIN
juarez@hbj.udl.cat
KUPCINSKIENE Eugenija
Vytautas Magnus University
LITHUANIA
e.kupcinskiene@gmail.com
MAHAUT Lucie
FRANCE
lucie.mahaut@laposte.net
JULLIOT Catherine
DEAL de la Réunion
FRANCE
catherine.julliot@
developpement-durable.gouv.fr
LAGOPODI Anastasia
Aristotle University Thessaloniki
GREECE
lagopodi@auth.gr
KALUSOVA Veronika
Masaryk University
CZECH REPUBLIC
kalveron@tiscali.cz
KARRER Gerhard
Univ. Natural Resources and
Life Science
AUSTRIA
gerhard.karrer@boku.ac.at
KASHEFI Javid
USDA-ARS-EBCL
GREECE
jkashefi@ars-ebcl.org
LALLA Reshnee
South African National Biodiversity
Institut
SOUTH AFRICA
r.lalla@sanbi.org.za
LAMBERTI-RAVEROT Barbara
UMR CNRS 5023 - LEHNA
FRANCE
barbara.lamberti-raverot@univ-lyon1.fr
LAVERGNE Sébastien
Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine
FRANCE
sebastien.lavergne@ujf-grenoble.fr
MANCEAU Charles-René
Anses
FRANCE
charles.manceau@anses.fr
MANDON-DALGER Isabelle
FCBN
FRANCE
isabelle.mandon@fcbn.fr
MARCHANTE Hélia
ESAC
Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra
PORTUGAL
hmarchante@gmail.com
MARIE-JEANNE Véronique
SupAgro
FRANCE
mariejea@supagro.inra.fr
MARISAVLJEVIC Dragana
Inst. for Plant Protection
and Environment
SERBIA
marisavljevicd@yahoo.com
KAYA Ilhan
Yuzuncu Yil University
TURKEY
ilhankaya71@hotmail.com
LE BOTLAN Nadia
Ministry of Ecology
FRANCE
nadia.le-botlan@
developpement-durable.gouv.fr
KAZAKOU Elena
UMR CEFE
FRANCE
kazakou@supagro.inra.fr
LE BOURGEOIS Thomas
Cirad
FRANCE
thomas.le_bourgeois@cirad.fr
MARKOVÁ Zuzana
Charles University
Faculty of Science
CZECH REPUBLIC
zuzana.markova@ibot.cas.cz
KAZI TANI Choukry
Université Abou Bekr Belkaïd
ALGERIA
kazi_tc@yahoo.com
LE CORRE Valérie
Inra
FRANCE
vlecorre@dijon.inra.fr
MARTINEZ Quentin
Inra - Observatoire des Ambroisies
FRANCE
quentin.martinez@dijon.inra.fr
KAZINCZI Gabriella
Kaposvár University
HUNGARY
kazinczi.gabriella@ke.hu
LINDER Madli
Environmental Board of Estonia
ESTONIA
madli.linder@keskkonnaamet.ee
MEDINA Silvia
Alcalá University
SPAIN
medina_villar@hotmail.com
KONSTANTINOVIC Bojan
University of Novi Sad
SERBIA
bojank@polj.uns.ac.rs
LOMMEN Suzanne
University of Fribourg
SWITZERLAND
suzanne.lommen@unifr.ch
MENENDEZ Julio
Universidad de Huelva
SPAIN
jmenend@uhu.es
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 210 Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, 2014 List of participants MERCERON Nastasia
Université de Bordeaux
FRANCE
nastasia.merceron@gmail.com
ONG Ai Khim
Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority
REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE
ong_ai_khim@ava.gov.sg
RICCI Benoit
Inra
FRANCE
benoit.ricci@dijon.inra.fr
MESELDZIJA Maja
University of Novi Sad
SERBIA
maja@polj.uns.ac.rs
ORTMANS William
University of Liège
BELGIUM
w.ortmans@ulg.ac.be
ROCHE Marie
EBCL-ARS-USDA
FRANCE
mroche@ars-ebcl.org
MEYER Lucie
Inra
FRANCE
l.meyer423@gmail.com
PANETTA Dane
The University of Melbourne
AUSTRALIA
dane.panetta@gmail.com
SARAT Emmanuelle
IUCN French committee
FRANCE
emmanuelle.sarat@uicn.fr
MINCHEVA Tsvetana
University of Turin
ITALY
mincheva.tsvetana@gmail.com
PETIT Yohan
CBN de Corse
FRANCE
petit@oec.fr
SCHAFFNER Urs
CABI
SWITZERLAND
u.schaffner@cabi.org
MONTAUT Emmanuelle
BASFagro
FRANCE
emmanuelle.montaut@basf.com
PINTÓ-MARIJUAN Marta
Universitat de Barcelona
SPAIN
marta.pinto.marijuan@gmail.com
SCHANZER Ivan
Main Botanical Garden
Russian Ac. Sci.
RUSSIA
ischanzer@gmail.com
MONTY Arnaud
University of Liège
BELGIUM
arnaud.monty@ulg.ac.be
MORISOLI Romina
Agroscope
SWITZERLAND
romina.morisoli@agroscope.admin.ch
POCZAI Peter
University of Helsinki
FINLAND
peter.poczai@gmail.com
POORTVLIET Marijn
Wageningen University
NETHERLANDS
marijn.poortvliet@wur.nl
SCHOENENBERGER Nicola
Natural History Museum Lugano
SWITZERLAND
nicola.schoenenberger@ti.ch
SCOTT John K.
CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences
AUSTRALIA
john.k.scott@csiro.au
MUELLER-SCHAERER Heinz
University of Fribourg
SWITZERLAND
heinz.mueller@unifr.ch
PURCELL Matthew
USDA-ARS CSIRO
Ecosystem Sciences
AUSTRALIA
matthew.purcell@csiro.au
SFORZA René
USDA-ARS-EBCL
FRANCE
rsforza@ars-ebcl.org
NIENABER Hestia
Agricultural Research Council
SOUTH AFRICA
deweth@arc.agric.za
RAMEL Jean-Marie
CBGP
FRANCE
jean-marie.ramel@anses.fr
SHABBIR Asad
Ecology and Environmental
Management Unit
PAKISTAN
assadshabbir@yahoo.com
NOVAK Stephen
Boise State University
USA
snovak@boisestate.edu
RECASENS Jordi
Universitat de Lleida
SPAIN
jrecasens@hbj.udl.cat
SHAW Richard
CABI
UNITED KINGDOM
r.shaw@cabi.org
NOVOA Ana
CIB - Stellenbosch University
SOUTH AFRICA
anan@sun.ac.za
RECTOR Brian
USDA - ARS - EBCL
FRANCE
chervonishkarpetky@gmail.com
SHEPPARD Andy
CSIRO European Laboratory
FRANCE
andy.sheppard@csiro.au
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4th International Symposium on Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, Montpellier, 2014 210 Environmental Weeds and Invasive Plants, 2014 List of participants SINDT Charlotte
RNSA
FRANCE
rnsa@rnsa.fr
THIBAUDON Michel
RNSA
FRANCE
michel.thibaudon@wanadoo.fr
VITOU Janine
CSIRO European Laboratory
FRANCE
janine.vitou@csiro-europe.org
SKÁLOVÁ Hana
Institute of Botany ASCR
CZECH REPUBLIC
hana.skalova@ibot.cas.cz
THOMANN Thierry
CSIRO European Laboratory
FRANCE
thierry.thomann@csiro-europe.org
VOLKOFF Nathalie
Inra
FRANCE
volkoff@supagro.inra.fr
SKJOTH Carsten
University of Worcester
UK
c.skjoth@worc.ac.uk
TIPPING Philip
USDA-ARS
USA
ptipping@saa.ars.usda.gov
SMITH Lincoln
USDA-ARS
USA
link.smith@ars.usda.gov
TOKARSKA-GUZIK Barbara
University of Silesia
POLAND
barbara.tokarska-guzik@us.edu.pl
SOLE-SENAN Xavier Oriol
University of Lleida
SPAIN
xavi.sole@hbj.udl.cat
TRAMONTINI Sara
European Food Safety Authority
ITALY
sara.tramontini@efsa.europa.eu
SOUZA Pablo
University of Vigo
SPAIN
souza@uvigo.es
STOJICEVIC Darko
Faculty of Agriculture
SERBIA
michule87@gmail.com
STRICKMAN Daniel
EBCL
FRANCE
dstrickman@ars-ebcl.org
ULUDAG Ahmet
Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University
TURKEY
ahuludag@yahoo.com
VACEK Ann
Agricultural Research Service - USDA
USA
ann.vacek@ars.usda.gov
VAN DER COLFF Dewidine
University of Stellenbosch
SOUTH AFRICA
vandercolffdewidine@gmail.com
WANG Guang-Xi
Meijo University
JAPAN
kokiwang@meijo-u.ac.jp
WANG Hu
University of Saskatchewan
CANADA
wangh920@gmail.com
WIDHALM Siegrid
Austrian Institute of Technology
AUSTRIA
siegrid.widhalm.fl@ait.ac.at
WILLIAMS Livy
USDA-ARS
FRANCE
lwilliams@ars-ebcl.org
WOOD Suzy
CABI
UNITED KINGDOM
s.wood@cabi.org
YAACOBY Tuvia
Ministry of Agriculture
ISRAEL
tobyy@moag.gov.il
STRICKMAN Linda
ETATS UNIS
lindastrickman@gmail.com
VAN VALKENBURG Johan
National Plant Protection Organization
NETHERLANDS
j.l.c.h.van.valkenburg@minlnv.nl
TANNER Robert
CABI
UNITED KINGDOM
r.tanner@cabi.org
VEYLIT Lara
FRANCE
lara.veylit@gmail.com
TEAGUE Molly
FRANCE
msteague@email.wm.edu
VILÀ Montserrat
EBD-CSIC
SPAIN
montse.vila@ebd.csic.es
ZAJAC Maria
Institute of Botany Jagiellonian
University
POLAND
maria.zajac@uj.edu.pl
TERRIN Eleonore
CBN Alpin
FRANCE
e.terrin@cbn-alpin.fr
VINOGRADOVA Yulia
Main Botanical Garden Russian Ac. Sci
RUSSIA
gbsad@mail.ru
ZVINGILA Donatas
University of Vilnius
LITHUANIA
donatas.zvingila@gf.vu.lt
YANNELLI Florencia
Technical University of Munich
GERMANY
florencia.yannelli@tum.de
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