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J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment
Vol. 19, No. 2: 178˗184 (2013)
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Parasitic cestodes of fish in the waters off Gökçeada,
North Aegean Sea
Ahmet Akmirza*
Faculty of Fisheries, Istanbul University, Ordu St., No: 200, 34470, Laleli, Istanbul,
TURKEY
*
Corresponding author: hakmirza@hotmail.com
Abstract
This study, performed in April, July, September, October 2011 and January, April 2012
near Gökçeada in the northeastern Aegean Sea in Turkey, seven species of cestoda
(Bothriocephalus scorpii, Tetrarhynchobothrium tenuicolle, Acanthobothrium
coronatum, Phyllobothrium gracilis, Echeneibothrium variabile, Echinobothrium typus,
Scolex pleuronectis) were identified in a total of 57 fish samples of 13 fish species
(Trachurus mediterraneus, Boops boops, Trachinus araneus, Scomber japonicus,
Torpedo marmorata, Dasyatis sp., Phycis phycis, Conger conger, Squalus acanthias,
Raja clavata, Raja miraletus, Scyliorhinus canicula, Monochirus hispidus) among a total
of 887 fish samples of 50 fish species. T. tenuicolle, E. variabile are new records for the
study area and Turkey.
Key words: Cestoda, fish parasite, Gökçeada.
Introduction
Cestoda (tapeworms) are obligate internal parasites of fish that display a wide
range of body shape, life histories and host associations. They are parasites
characterized by complex life cycles involving two or three hosts and several
development stages. Cestoda have morphological differentiation in their body
shape and these differentiations play an important role in their taxonomic
identification. Some species are etiological agents of major disease in human.
Host fish of cestoda and their infection values show some geographical
variation.
The sea surrounding Gökçeada, North Aegean Sea is characterized by high fish
diversity. While Ulutürk (1987) reported 144 fish species of 60 families, Keskin
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and Ünsal (1998) detected 76 fish species near Gökçeada. Most of these fish
species have commercial value and play an important role in Turkish fisheries.
The aim of this review is to provide a checklist of hosts and parasites, short
descriptions of cestoda found in the fish near Gökçeada.
Materials and Methods
Fish samples were caught using various fishing methods such as trawl, gill˗net,
long˗line, vertical long˗line near, Turkey, in the northeastern Aegean Sea in
April, July, September, October 2011 and January, April 2012. Fish samples
were transported to the laboratory in aerated tanks and were kept alive until the
dissection and parasitological investigation. The fish samples were identified
according to Ekingen (2004) and Golani et al. (2006). Fish were carefully
dissected for observation of the internal organs and placed in separate petri
dishes containing physiological water and examined for cestod parasites under a
stereomicroscope. Live parasites were slightly compressed between a slide and a
coverslip prior to the examination under a light microscope. Some cestod
parasites were fixed in 70% alcohol and then these parasites cleared in
lactophenol were studied and taken measurements using an ocular micrometer
or BEL view camera programs. Identification of the parasites was made
according to Yamaguti (1959) and Khalil et al. (1994).
Results and Discussion
This study was carried out to determine the parasitic cestodes in fish in the
water off Gökçeada. A total of 887 individual fish of 50 different fish species
were investigated. As a result, seven species of cestoda were identified in 13
fish species among 50 different fish species.
Family: Bothriocephalidae Blanchard, 1849
Bothriocephalus scorpii Müller, 1776 (Figure1)
Host: Trachinus araenus
Number of investigated fish and prevalence: 9 and 22.22%.
Scolex elongate, with two bothria longitudinally elongated; apical disc present.
Neck lacking. External segmentation present. Proglottids wider than long.
Genital pores dorsomedian. Testes in two lateral fields.
Bothriocephalus scorpii is a cosmopolitan species showing a wide distribution
from the Atlantic, Mediterranean to Pacific waters and can be found in many
species of different families such as Anguilla, Labrus, Scorpaena, Trigla, Raja,
and Mullus.
B. scorpii found in T. araneus in this study has been reported in Scorpaena
scrofa, Scorpaena porcus and Solea nasuta in the same region (Akmirza 2002).
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a
b
Figure 1. Bothriocephalus scorpii
a: Scolex; b: Proglottids
Family: Tetrarynchobothriidae Dollfus, 1969
Tetrarhynchobothrium tenuicolle Diesing, 1854 (Figure 2)
Host: Squalus acanthias
Number of investigated fish and prevalence: 2 and 50%
Scolex with two bothridia and four rectactile tentacles armed with spiral rows of
hooks.
a
c
b
Figure 2. Tetrarhynchobothrium tenuicolle
a: Total view; b: Scolex; c: Tentacle
Family: Onchobothriidae Braun, 1900
Acanthobothrium coronatum Rudolphi, 1819 (Figure3)
Host: Torpedo marmorata, Dasyatis sp.
Number of investigated fish and prevalence: 8 and 37.7% for Torpedo
marmorata, 2 and 50% for Dasyatis sp.
Scolex with four bothridia, each divided into three loculi by two transverse
septa. In front of each bothridia one pair of symmetrically forked hooks.
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a
b
c
Figure 3. Acanthobothrium coronatum
a: Total view; b: Hooks; c: Mature proglottid and discharge of eggs
Family: Phyllobothriidae Braun, 1900
Phyllobothrium gracilis Wedl, 1855 (Figure 4)
Host: Torpedo marmorata
Number of investigated fish and prevalence: 8 and 12.5 %
Scolex with four bothridia. Accessory sucker present. Immature segments
longer than wide, mature segments wider than long. Testes numerous, ovary
posterior, genital pore lateral.
Figure 4. Scolex of Phyllobothrium gracilis
Echeneibothrium variabile van Beneden 1850 (Figure 5)
Host: Scyliorhis canicula, Raja miraletus
Number of investigated fish and prevalence: 2 and 100% for Scyliorhis
canicula, 4 and 25% for Raja miraletus.
Scolex with four bothridia divided by transverse and longitudinal septa.
Myzorhynchus present. No accessory sucker. Neck present. Testes expending
longitudinally in intervascular field. Ovary at posterior end of proglottis.
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a
b
Figure 5. Echeneibothrium variabile
a: Scolex; b: Proglottid
Family: Echinobothridae Perrier, 1897
Echinobothrium typus van Beneden 1849 (Figure 6)
Host: Squalus acanthias
Number of investigated fish and prevalence: 2 and 50%
Scolex with well˗developed rostellum armed on dorsal and ventral surfaces with
hooks. Two oval bothridia present. Neck covered with very small hair˗like
spines.Posterior proglottis longer than wide. Testes numerous, preovarian. Eggs
rounded, provided with a short filament.
a
b
c
Figure 6. Echinobothrium typus
a: Total view; b: Scolex; c: Eggs
Scolex pleuronectis Muller, 1788. (Figure 7)
Host: Phycis phycis, Trachurus mediterraneus, Boops boops, Trachinus
araneus, Scomber japonicus, Conger conger, Monorchis hispidus.
Scolex pleuronectis comprised of a scolex bearing four bothridia, an apical
sucker and a long, slender body.
Tetraphyllidean metacestodes is difficult to identify due to their relatively
featureless scolex morphology, which lacks the diagnostic feature of the adult
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cestodes. All the metacestodes of this order of cestodes were proposed to
accommodate with Scolex pleuronectis (synonymised them as Scolex
polymorphus).
Figure 7. Scolex pleuronectis
Cestoda species (Bothriocephalus scorpii, Acanthobothrium coronatum,
Phyllobothrium gracilis, Echinobothrium typus, Scolex pleuronectis) that found
previously in this region (Akmirza 2002), were also found in the same or
different fish hosts in this study. While Phyllobothrium lactuca found in the
previous study was not encountered in this study, Tetrarhynchobothrium
tenuicolle and Echeneibothrium variabile were detected for the first time in
Turkey.
Gökçeada (Kuzey Ege Denizi) sularındaki balıkların parazitik
sestodları
Özet
Gökçeada civarında Nisan, Temmuz, Eylül, Ekim 2011 ile Ocak, Nisan 2012 tarihlerinde
gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada, incelenen 50 balık türüne ait 887 balık örneğinden 13 balık
türüne ait (Trachurus mediterraneus, Boops boops, Trachinus araneus, Scomber
japonicus, Torpedo marmorata, Dasyatis sp., Phycis phycis, Conger conger, Squalus
acanthias, Raja clavata, Raja miraletus, Scyliorhinus canicula, Monochirus hispidus) 57
balık örneğinde 7 sestod türü (Bothriocephalus scorpii, Tetrarhynchobothrium tenuicolle,
Acanthobothrium coronatum, Phyllobothrium gracilis, Echeneibothrium variabile,
Echinobothrium typus, Scolex pleuronectis) bulunmuştur. Tetrarhynchobothrium
tenuicolle, Echeneibothrium variabile türleri Türkiye için yeni kayıtlardır.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul
University. Project Number: 12105.
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References
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Received: 07.02.2013
Accepted: 15.03.2013
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