Response of Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes to Water

Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences
Special Issue: 1, 2014
TÜRK
TARIM ve DOĞA BİLİMLERİ
DERGİSİ
TURKISH
JOURNAL of AGRICULTURAL
and NATURAL SCIENCES
www.turkjans.com
Response of Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes to Water Shortage
a
a
Mustafa ONDER*, aAli KAHRAMAN, aErcan CEYHAN
Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selcuk, Turkey
*Corresponding author: monder@selcuk.edu.tr
Abstract
Excessive irrigation in Konya ecological conditions is a common application. This research was
conducted to determine the effects of water shortage on dry bean genotypes. Field trial was conducted
according to “Randomized Complete Blocks Design” with three replications in Selcuk University, Agricultural
Faculty, Campus-Konya trial fields during the year of 2009. Sowings were made on 15th of May and harvest was
made on September. After sowing, the plots were irrigated by sprinkler for only two hours to provide the
emergence. A total of 40 common dry bean genotypes were grown in field conditions with only 2 drip
irrigations during the flowering (50th day after sowing) and pod filling (58th day after sowing) periods for 6 hours
(from 0am to 6am) per irrigation which was provided enough water to effective root depth. According to the
results, number of main branch per plant was significant on the level of P<0,05 and, all the other investigated
characteristics were significant on the level of P<0,01. Means of the investigated characteristics were ranged as
following: number of main branch/plant 3,33-7,33; number of leave/plant 16-108; plant height 45cm-162cm;
number of pod/plant 12-26; number of seed/pod 3,0-5,8; first pod height 3,56cm-6,67cm; biologic yield 2120kg
ha-1-6040kg ha-1; seed yield 1140kg ha-1-3550kg ha-1; harvest index 46%-90% respectively.The results implicated
that all the investigated characteristics were in parallel with the local farmers’ applications that apply excessive
and untimely irrigation. Therefore, it can be concluded that irrigation that more than necessity is unnecessary.
Keywords: Arid land agriculture, drought tolerance, water management, Turkey
Azaltılmış Su Uygulamasına Kuru Fasulye (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotiplerinin Tepkileri
Özet
Konya ekolojisinde, kuru fasulye tarımında fazla su verilmesi, yaygın bir uygulamadır. Bu araştırma, su
uygulamasının azaltılmasının kuru fasulye genotipleri üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Tarla
denemeleri tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak Selçuk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi’nin
Kampüs-Konya yerleşkesindeki arazide 2009 yılında yürütülmüştür. Ekim, 15 Mayıs tarihinde, hasat ise Eylül
ayında yapılmıştır. Ekim sonrası parsellerde çıkışı sağlamak amacıyla 2 saat süreyle yağmurlama sulama
yapılmıştır. Araştırmada toplam 40 farklı kuru fasulye genotipi materyal olarak kullanılmış, vejetasyon süresi
boyunca sadece çiçeklenme dönemi (ekimden 50 gün sonra) ve bakla doldurma dönemi (ekimden 58 gün
sonra) olmak üzere ) efektif kök derinliğinde yeterli su sağlamak suretiyle 6’şar saat süreyle (gece 00:00’dan
itibaren 06:00’a kadar) 2 defa damlama sulama yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda genotipler arasında bitkide
anadal sayısı istatistiki olarak %5 seviyesinde önemli çıkarken, incelenen diğer özellikler bakımından %1
seviyesinde farklılıklar belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada incelenen genotiplerin bitkide bakla sayısı 3.33-7.33; bitkide
yaprak sayısı 16-108 adet; bitki boyu 45-162 cm, bitkide bakla sayısı 12-26 adet; baklada tane sayısı 2.0-5.8
adet; ilk bakla yüksekliği 3.56-6.67 cm; biyolojik verim 212.0-604.0 kg/da, tane verimi 114.0-355.0 kg/da ve
hasat indeksi % 46-90 aralığında değişim gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Araştırma neticesinde elde edilen değerlerin,
bölge şartlarında aşırı ve zamansız sulama uygulaması ile elde edilen değerlere benzer sonuçlar gösterdiği,
dolayısıyla gereğinden fazla su vermenin gereksiz olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kurak alanlarda tarım, kuraklık toleransı, sulama yönetimi, Türkiye.
requirements. For this purpose, some innovations
cause to disadvantages beside their essential
benefits. Some of the improvements in food
production gave rise to problems in sustainability
Introduction
Nutrition has been a problem for human
over the history of humankind. People have been
seeking to find solutions for providing the food
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Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences
Special Issue: 1, 2014
while another part of the methods cause to
degradation in natural balance. Human being
needs to develop new agricultural techniques
which are environment friendly.
Pulse crops have an importance between the
plants with the consumption ratios of 22% protein
and 7% carbohydrates in human nutrition while
these ratios are 38% and 5% in animal feeding
respectively (Wery and Grinac, 1983). Daily
consumption of protein per person is 70.9g in the
world, 85.0g in Turkey, 104.0g in developed
countries and 61.0g in the developing countries
(Anonymous, 2009).
Dry bean is the main pulse crop which is
used to human nutrition over the world. Bean
farming has a wide range of area especially on the
warm regions and almost 94% of bean growing is
in Asia, South America and developing countries
(Anonymous, 2006).
production. Plants are the most important source
that feeding necessity of the human population
(Kahraman and Önder, 2010). Plant breeding has
been focused on drought stress in recent years.
Drought is also one of the main limiting factors on
plant yield in Konya city where dry bean
production is made in the first place of Turkey. This
study was made to determine effect of irrigation
period and method on common bean yield
components in Konya ecological conditions.
Materials and Methods
A total of 40 common dry bean genotypes
(Table 2) were grown in the research field of Selcuk
University, Agricultural Faculty, Campus-Konya (37o
51' 56N, 32o 28' 57E, 1020 m above the sea level).
Field experiment was conducted according to
“Randomized Complete Blocks Design” with three
replications during the year of 2009. Before
sowing, 120kg ha-1 of Diammoniumphosphate
(18% nitrogen, 46% phosphorus) was applied to
soil. Row distances were 45cm, upper levels were
20cm with a length of 3m and 2.25m of width.
Sowings were made by hand on 15th of May and
harvest was made on September. Irrigation to
provide emergence was made by sprinkler for only
two hours after sowing. A total of 2 drip irrigations
were made during the flowering (50th day after
sowing) and pod filling (58th day after sowing)
periods for 6 hours (from 0am to 6am) per
irrigation which was provided enough water to
effective root depth.
Soil characteristics of the experimental field
were as follows: clay structure, pH 8.03, lime 37.6
%, organic matter 2.25 %, potassium 17.9 kg ha-1,
iron 14.74 ppm and zinc 0.32 ppm.
Mean of climate data between May and
August was; 21oC for temperature, 42% for relative
humidity and, precipitation was 55.8mm in May,
2.7mm in June, 11.7mm in July and there was not
any rainfall during the August.
The fallowing characteristics were recorded:
number of branch/plant; number of leave/plant;
plant height (cm); number of pod/plant; number of
seed/pod; first pod height (cm); biologic yield (kg
ha-1); seed yield and harvest index (kg ha-1). Only
the abstract part of the present study was
presented as a poster presentation in a conference
(Onder et al., 2013).
All the data were subjected to variance
analyze was made using the JUMP program and
Duncan multiple comparison test in the
significance level of 1% was made by MINITAB
computerize based program.
Table 1. Dry bean quantities for 2009 (Anonymous
2011a, Anonymous 2011b)
Place
Area (ha)
Production
(ton)
Yield (kg
ha-1)
World
25.211.000
19.723.000
782
94.928
13.059
181.205
21.072
1909
1613
Turkey
Konya
Dry bean farming have many problems
such as cultural practices and breeding in different
agricultural lands. Main purpose of plant breeding
should be development of the quality and yield for
different climates. It will be possible by
determination of the present genotypes. Dry bean
farming is made in all the ecologic regions of
Turkey. Central Anatolian Region is the main place
in terms of bean production. But, the yield in the
region is under the average value of Turkey (Çiftçi,
2004). The main problem in the region seems
excessive and sprinkler irrigation with a total
amount of 7-8 times. Irrigation that more than
enough cause to root fungal diseases. Sprinkler
irrigation methods cause to flower loss and fungal
diseases as well (Önder and Ceyhan, 2011). As it
seen all the other plants, the growing techniques
have positive or negative effects on the yield and
quality of dry bean. It is recommended that; the
wrong applications and mistakes are supposed to
be improved (Önder et al., 2012). Table 1 shows
the statistics for dry bean production for the year
of 2009.
Drought is a stress factor that cause of
limitation in life activities and effects the vegetal
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Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences
Special Issue: 1, 2014
Table 2. Collection number (no), place (source) of collection and local names of the investigated dry bean
genotypes
No
Place of Collection
Local Name
1
2
Başarakavak Town
Başarakavak Town
Horoz Fasulye
Sarıkız
3
4
5
6
7
8
Başarakavak Town
Çumra
Çumra
Çumra
Çumra
Çumra
Kanada
Şeker Fasulye (Bıyıklı)
Kirgiz Çalısı
Horoz Fasulye
Beyşehir Çalısı
Bombay (Bomba)
9
10
11
12
14
16
Çumra
Altinekin
Altinekin
Altinekin (Mantar Village)
Konya (Centrum)
Ereğli ( Centrum)
Kanada
Amerikan Kollu
Sarnıç
Amerikan Çalısı
Gina
Horoz
17
18
19
20
22
23
Kadinhani (1)
Kadinhani (2)
Kadinhani (3)
Derbent (1)
Derbent (5)
Beyşehir (1) (Göçü Village)
Weihing
Kanada
Akman 98* (originated from private company)
Amerikan (Beretta)
Şeker
Horoz
24
25
27
28
29
30
Seydişehir (1)
Ilgin (1) (Beykonak Village)
Sarayönü (1)
Sarayönü (2) (Bayramlı Köyü)
Yunak (2)
Yunak (4)
Sıra Fasulye (originated from Çumra)
Beyaz Horoz
Kanada
Amerikan Çalısı
Üveynk (Veynk)
Kanada
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Çumra
Derbent (2)
Akşehir (4)
Akşehir (5) (Sorkun Village)
Akşehir (6)
Akşehir (7)
Kazim Karabekir
Kırgız Yuvarlak (Kollu Barbunya)
Yuvarlak Barbunya
Dermason
Ayşe Kadın
Horoz (Oturak)
Dermason (Oturak)
Kanada (Kara Yaprak)
38
39
40
41
42
43
Kazim Karabekir
Eskişehir- Anadolu Agr. Res. Inst.
Eskişehir- Anadolu Agr. Res. Inst.
Erzurum- Atatürk University
Erzurum- Atatürk University
Çumra
Dermason (Kırgız)
Akman-98*
Eskişehir-855*
Elkoca-2005*
Kantar-2005*
Amerikan Çalısı
44 Derbent (3)
*: Certified line
Horoz
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Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences
Special Issue: 1, 2014
Table 3. Means of the used dry bean genotypes in terms of the investigated characteristics
Genotype
Branch/
Plant
Leaf/
Plant
Plant height
(cm)
Pod/Plant
Seed/Pod
First pod
height (cm)
Bioyield
(kg ha-1)
Seed yield
(kg ha-1)
Harvest
index (%)
1
5,50
52
84
23
4,7
4,33
4914
3365
0,68
2
4,67
29
61
16
5,6
4,00
3266
2483
0,76
3
5,83
25
47
12
4,5
4,17
2456
2228
0,90
4
4,67
62
86
19
5,8
4,83
3817
2491
0,65
5
6,00
30
60
19
5,0
5,66
2904
1943
0,67
6
4,50
39
82
26
4,9
3,67
5529
3550
0,64
7
4,67
54
162
26
5,8
4,67
4506
2964
0,66
8
4,83
24
56
15
5,0
4,32
2120
1640
0,76
9
4,33
27
51
14
4,5
4,00
2560
2286
0,90
10
4,33
37
59
23
4,9
3,67
4480
3384
0,76
11
5,17
29
64
17
4,7
3,67
3467
3389
0,80
12
5,00
29
49
20
5,1
5,50
4591
3086
0,68
14
4,83
58
114
16
5,6
6,67
2537
1389
0,55
16
7,33
31
45
18
4,2
5,00
6040
2453
0,46
17
6,17
25
49
25
5,4
3,56
4801
2773
0,58
18
6,17
43
74
19
5,5
5,33
2145
1507
0,70
19
6,83
48
68
23
5,1
4,16
4198
2956
0,72
20
5,50
16
51
17
5,4
4,00
2250
1841
0,80
22
3,75
63
78
14
5,6
4,68
3364
2114
0,62
23
6,50
25
63
19
4,9
6,00
3756
2167
0,73
24
5,75
32
52
23
5,4
4,67
3083
2333
0,75
25
6,50
38
53
19
4,0
3,82
3661
2892
0,77
27
4,33
25
58
24
5,4
4,67
3429
2591
0,82
28
5,17
27
51
18
5,3
5,17
4130
2834
0,69
29
5,17
25
46
21
5,2
5,17
4158
2897
0,73
30
4,83
50
68
15
5,0
4,66
2705
2024
0,75
31
3,33
40
99
14
4,6
5,17
2685
1628
0,62
32
4,83
51
100
18
3,0
5,17
2208
1581
0,72
33
5,17
28
48
24
5,6
5,17
3767
2637
0,70
34
6,00
66
75
18
5,3
6,00
3533
2037
0,54
35
6,83
32
59
19
4,7
4,17
3083
2374
0,78
36
5,67
33
54
16
5,1
4,00
2861
2446
0,86
37
4,33
27
66
15
5,0
4,11
2950
1994
0,69
38
5,00
55
67
13
4,6
4,43
2893
1956
0,68
39
5,67
43
60
22
4,5
5,67
3828
2461
0,65
40
5,83
30
45
16
4,2
4,98
4235
2326
0,56
41
5,67
108
69
18
4,2
4,18
4589
2699
0,61
42
4,67
30
56
16
4,7
5,50
3280
2154
0,65
43
5,00
44
63
25
5,3
4,17
2354
1765
0,55
44
6,00
40
77
23
4,6
4,67
2379
1140
0,48
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Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences
Special Issue: 1, 2014
yield related quantities compared by untimely and
wrong irrigation methods. Selection criteria for
breeding works in the future might be determined
according to the present results.
Results and Discussion
Statistical analysis showed that, number
of main branch per plant was significant on the
level of P<0,05 and, all the other investigated
characteristics were significant on the level of
P<0,01. Determination of the characteristics were
in between the following values: number of main
branch/plant 3,33-7,33; number of leave/plant 16108; plant height 45cm-162cm; number of
pod/plant 12-26; number of seed/pod 3,0-5,8; first
pod height 3,56cm-6,67cm; biologic yield 2120kg
ha-1-6040kg ha-1; seed yield 1140kg ha-1-3550kg ha1
; harvest index 46%-90% as the means of the
genotypes. Table 3 shows means of the used dry
bean genotypes in terms of the investigated
characteristics.
Other recent research findings are as
fallowing. Number of main branch per plant 1.2712.04 (Anlarsal et al., 2000; Karakuş et al., 2005;
Pekşen, 2005; Ülker and Ceyhan, 2008; Kahraman
and Önder, 2009); number of leave per plant:
12.16-46.55 (Önder and Şentürk, 1996; Ülker and
Ceyhan, 2008; Kahraman and Önder, 2009); plant
height: 17.70-310.00 cm (Anlarsal et al., 2000;
Kaçar et al., 2004; Karadavut et al., 2005; Pekşen,
2005; Pekşen and Gülümser, 2005; Bozoğlu and
Sözen, 2007; Ülker and Ceyhan, 2008; Kahraman
and Önder, 2009); number of pod per plant: 1-163
(Önder and Sade, 1996; Düzdemir, 1998; Kaçar et
al., 2004; Kahraman and Önder, 2009); number of
seed per pod: 1-9 (Şehirali, 1971; Anlarsal et al.,
2000; Kahraman and Önder, 2009); first pod
height: 4.6-42.6cm (Anlarsal et al., 2000; Pekşen,
2005; Pekşen and Gülümser, 2005; Kahraman and
Önder, 2009); seed yield 657.0-3584.7 kg ha-1
(Mishra and Dash 1991; Önder and Özkaynak,
1994; Düzdemir, 1998; Kahraman and Önder,
2009); harvest index: 18.5-58.33% (Düzdemir,
1998; Karakuş et al., 2005; Ülker and Ceyhan, 2008;
Kahraman and Önder, 2009) respectively. The
findings of the present research were in agreement
with previous results. Number of leave per plant
seems more than prospects. The certified line
Elkoca-2005 which is recorded as genotype 41 is a
new dry bean genotype. The reason for the
variation on number of leave per plant might be
due to genetic structure, environment conditions
or cultural practices. As it well known; leave is an
important factor for photosynthesis in the plants.
Therefore, this genotype looks a promising variety.
Acknowledgement
We are thankful to Selcuk University,
Coordinator of BAP for their financial support and
Prof. Dr. Önder TURKMEN and Expert Musa
SEYMEN who works for Selcuk University, Faculty
of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture for their
incontrovertible contributions.
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